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The Sociological Study of Stress
Abstract
This paper presents a critical overview of current concepts and analytic practices in stress research and considers how they can be changed to make the research more consistent with core sociological interests. An overarching concern of the paper is the analytic use of basic information about people's social and institutional affiliations and statuses. It is important that such information be treated not simply as data that need to be controlled statistically; we must examine the bearing of these data on each domain of the stress process: the exposure to and meaning of stressors, access to stress mediators, and the psychological, physical, and behavioral manifestations of stress. The conceptualization and measurement of stressors should move away from their focus on particular events or chronic strains and should seek instead to observe and assess over time constellations of stressors made up of both events and strains. Moreover, the effects of the mediators--coping and social support--are evaluated most fruitfully in terms of their effects in limiting the number, severity, and diffusion of stressors in these constellations. Finally, sociological stress researchers should not be bound to outcomes that better serve the intellectual interests of those who work with biomedical and epidemiological models of stress, nor should the research be committed exclusively to a single outcome.
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“Stressor exposures are also interpreted differently at different points in our life course since one’s developmental stage changes the meaning and expectations of life events (Pearlin, 1989).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Pearlin, 1989
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Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
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Wheaton, B. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9862-3_2 · Cited by 142
Petrowski, K., Kuitunen‐Paul, S., Albani, C., & Brähler, E. (2012) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-42 · Cited by 143
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Stress and Mental Health Among Midlife and Older Gay-Identified Men
Wight, R. G., LeBlanc, A. J., de Vries, B., & Detels, R. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300384 · Cited by 148
Role Conflict and Role Overload: Different Concepts, Different Consequences
Hecht, L. M. (2001) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2001.tb00930.x · Cited by 137
Logan‐Greene, P., Green, S., Nurius, P. S., & Longhi, D. (2014) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2014.944251 · Cited by 147
“Concurrent examination provides a more synthesized assessment, relevant as the effects of stress diffuse across domains (Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundTsai, A. C., Tomlinson, M., Comulada, W. S., & Rotheram‐Borus, M. J. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.042 · Cited by 141
“CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Our conceptual framework draws heavily on Pearlin and colleagues’ (Pearlin, 1989, 1999; Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981) conceptualization of stressors as being rooted in social and economic structures of daily living.”
MethodThe Biosocial Approach to Human Development, Behavior, and Health Across the Life Course
Harris, K. M., & McDade, T. W. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.4.01 · Cited by 152
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Paoline, E. A., & Clarke, A. W. (2005) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340210 · Cited by 135
Suicidal Ideation Among American Indian Youths
Yoder, K. A., Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., & LaFromboise, T. D. (2006) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110600558240 · Cited by 133
“In addition, the types of stressors experienced can be influenced by one’s location in the social structure, which includes systems of stratification such as class, race and ethnicity, and gender (Pearlin, 1989, p. 242).”
BackgroundRegoeczi, W. C. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900302 · Cited by 134
STATUSES, ROLES, AND THE SENSE OF MATTERING
Schieman, S., & Taylor, J. D. (2001) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2001.44.4.469 · Cited by 134
“The stress process model identi es interrole con ict as a signi cant source of stress (Pearlin 1983, 1989).”
BackgroundThe Unequal Consequences of Mass Incarceration for Children
Turney, K. (2017) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0543-1 · Cited by 135
“For these children, paternal incarceration may be one of many cascading chronic stressors—that is, stressors that emerge gradually from social environments and have deleterious effects on well-being (Pearlin 1989).”
BackgroundCoping among older‐adult, long‐term cancer survivors
Deimling, G. T., Wagner, L. J., Bowman, K. F., Sterns, S., Kercher, K., & Kahana, B. (2005) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.931 · Cited by 139
“Are specific coping strategies that are used by long-term survivors related to forms of psychological distress such as anxiety and depression and cancer specific outcomes such as cancer-related worries? Our analysis is guided by the general stress and coping paradigm as developed by Pearlin and colleagues (see Pearlin…”
BackgroundMethodSituational Contingencies Surrounding the Receipt of Informal Support
Beggs, J., Haines, V. A., & Hurlbert, J. S. (1996) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/75.1.201 · Cited by 138
Parent Care and the Stress Process: Findings From Panel Data
Amirkhanyan, A. A., & Wolf, D. A. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.5.s248 · Cited by 132
“The general stress and adaptation literature, which provides a foundation for much caregiver stress research, views stress as a complex process with interrelated domains of sources, mediators, and manifestations (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Lieber-man, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981).”
BackgroundCaregiver Stress and Noncaregiver Stress: Exploring the Pathways of Psychiatric Morbidity
Amirkhanyan, A. A., & Wolf, D. A. (2003) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/43.6.817 · Cited by 132
“…found in the research on informal caregiving originate in a general stress and adaptation literature, where stress has been viewed as a complex process with interrelated domains of ''sources,'' ''mediators,'' and ''manifestations'' (Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981; Pearlin, 1989).”
Significant Life Experiences and Depression among Single and Married Mothers
Davies, L., Avison, W. R., & McAlpine, D. D. (1997) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353471 · Cited by 131
“stress process formulation (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981) that postulates that individuals' locations in the social”
BackgroundAdams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A., & Galea, S. (2006) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990500479522 · Cited by 131
“First, was there an increase in alcohol use after the World Trade Center Disaster (WTCD)? Second, was postdisaster alcohol use associated with later physical and psychological problems? Third, were the associations between alcohol use and mental health status maintained once other factors, such as demographic characte…”
BackgroundResultGee, G., & Walsemann, K. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.002 · Cited by 130
Maternal and paternal imprisonment in the stress process.
Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2013) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.01.008 · Cited by 114
van Solinge, H. (2007) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027506298223 · Cited by 130
Coping and Psychosocial Adaptation: Longitudinal Effects Over Time and Stages in Breast Cancer
Heim, E., Valach, L., & Schaffner, L. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199707000-00011 · Cited by 175
Longitudinal Research to Promote Effective Refugee Resettlement
Beiser, M. (2006) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461506061757 · Cited by 129
“As a guiding framework for the RRP, we drew on stress process theory (Pearlin, 1989) to develop a model of resettlement, its vicissitudes and protective factors.”
MethodCOVID-19 and the 24/7 News Cycle: Does COVID-19 News Exposure Affect Mental Health?
Stainback, K., Hearne, B. N., & Trieu, M. M. (2020) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120969339 · Cited by 144
“The stress process model specifies the interrelationships among stressors, stress, and distress (Pearlin 1989; Pearlin and Skaff 1996).”
BackgroundPearson, J., & Wilkinson, L. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9865-5 · Cited by 128
“Social support has powerful direct and indirect effects on well-being (Pearlin 1989; Turner 1981): social bonds and social integration are vital for health and well-being (Seeman 1959), and feeling socially accepted and perceiving that you are cared about and loved provides a sense of security and self-worth that may…”
BackgroundGender minority stress in trans and gender diverse adolescents and young people
Hunter, J., Butler, C., & Cooper, K. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211033187 · Cited by 159
“It is based on theories which consider conditions in the social environment to be sources of stress (Pearlin, 1989), and is an extension of the Minority Stress Model (Meyer, 2003).”
BackgroundLiving and loving with dementia: Negotiating spousal and caregiver identity through narrative
Hayes, J., Boylstein, C. A., & Zimmerman, M. K. (2008) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2007.09.002 · Cited by 138
Fighting Among America's Youth: A Risk and Protective Factors Approach
Fitzpatrick, K. M. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955421 · Cited by 128
Tsai, A. C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123182 · Cited by 122
“Early intervention may be able to prevent an acute economic shock (such as that resulting from job loss or severe illness) from eventually developing into the chronic stress of foreclosure, with all of the attendant benefits this implies for health and mental health status [59,60,61].”
BackgroundCurrent Knowledge on the Nature, Prevalence, Sources and Potential Impact of Teacher Stress
Travers, C. (2017) · Aligning Perspectives on Health, Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53053-6_2 · Cited by 126
The effects of food advertising and cognitive load on food choices
Zimmerman, F. J., & Shimoga, S. V. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-342 · Cited by 126
Does in-prison physical and mental health impact recidivism?
Wallace, D. M., & Wang, X. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100569 · Cited by 160
“Here, we couple stress process theory (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Aneshensel, & Leblanc, 1997) with general strain theory (Agnew, 1992, 2001) to illuminate the ways that health, both in-prison and post-release, may be an important predictor for recidivism.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdvances in the Conceptualization of the Stress Process: Essays in Honor of Leonard I. Pearlin
Avison, W. R., Aneshensel, C. S., & Schieman, S. (2009) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1021-9 · Cited by 176
Associative Stigma among Mental Health Professionals
Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P. (2012) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146512439453 · Cited by 149
“We build on the social stress perspective (Pearlin 1981, 1989) as well as perspectives that specifically emphasize the relationship between working conditions and mental health (Karasek 1979) and utilize burnout and job satisfaction as indicators of work-related well-being.”
MethodWhooley, O. (2014) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869313519114 · Cited by 124
Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research
Mennis, J. L., Stahler, G. J., & Mason, M. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13060607 · Cited by 144
“Residing in neighborhoods characterized by disadvantage and disorder can produce chronic stress due to the trauma of continuous economic struggle and exposure to this disorder, violence, and crime in the community [70–72].”
Mass Incarceration and Racial Inequality
Pettit, B., & Gutiérrez, C. (2018) · American Journal of Economics and Sociology · doi:10.1111/ajes.12241 · Cited by 160
Eriksen, S. J., & Jensen, V. J. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260508316298 · Cited by 123
“From a developmental perspective on bullying, Pepler et al. (2006) expressly wonder about how the lessons learned in bullying generalize to other developmentally significant relationships.”
BackgroundDepressive Symptomatology in Middle-Aged and Older Married Couples: A Dyadic Analysis
Townsend, A. L., Miller, B., & Guo, S. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/56.6.s352 · Cited by 125
“, ethnic groups) with which a person is involved (Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 1986).”
BackgroundParental Strains and Rewards Among Mothers: The Role of Education
Nomaguchi, K. M., & Brown, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00835.x · Cited by 122
A Growth Curve Analysis of Stress and Adolescent Drug Use
Hoffmann, J. P., Cerbone, F. G., & Su, S. (2000) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826080009148417 · Cited by 120
Pornography use and depressive symptoms: examining the role of moral incongruence
Perry, S. L. (2018) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869317728373 · Cited by 117
The stress process in family caregivers of persons receiving chemotherapy
Schumacher, K. L., Dodd, M. J., & Paul, S. M. (1993) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770160603 · Cited by 121
Adolescent Same-Sex Attraction and Mental Health: The Role of Stress and Support
Teasdale, B., & Bradley-Engen, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360903489127 · Cited by 119
“Specifically, sociologists view group differences in mental health as resulting from variation in experiences and perceptions of social stress, social support, and personal efficacy ( Pearlin, 1989 ; Ross & Mirowsky, 1989 ; R.”
BackgroundHopelessly Devoted? Relationship Quality During and After Incarceration
Turney, K. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12174 · Cited by 123
“Indeed, incarceration is a stressor for families (Patterson, 2002; Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundResidence in the Social Ecology of Stress and Restoration
Hartig, T., Johansson, G., & Kylin, C. (2003) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00080 · Cited by 126
“Social roles shape activity cycles in numerous ways (cf. Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundRen, X. S., Skinner, K. M., Lee, A. F., & Kazis, L. E. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00069-6 · Cited by 120
Cerdá, M., Johnson‐Lawrence, V., & Galea, S. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.025 · Cited by 119
“…an individual at greater odds of selfmedicating through excessive substance use, while the resources available to an individual, and individual susceptibility factors, influence the impact these stressors may ultimately exert (Pearlin, 1989; R. Turner et al., 1995; R. J. Turner & Lloyd, 1995).”
BackgroundResultSocioeconomic Status and Financial Coping Strategies: The Mediating Role of Perceived Control
Caplan, L. J., & Schooler, C. (2007) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250707000106 · Cited by 121
Change in depressive symptoms among daughter caregivers: An 18-month longitudinal study.
Li, L. W., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.14.2.206 · Cited by 120
“Past conceptualizations of factors conditioning the use of different coping strategies have pointed to the importance of social structural characteristics, such as level of education, in determining the choice of coping options (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin & Schooler, 1978; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundFamilism Beliefs and Psychological Distress Among African American Women Caregivers
Rozario, P. A., & Derienzis, D. (2008) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/48.6.772 · Cited by 118
“Pearlin (1989) suggested that values and beliefs affect to some degree the extent to which people feel threatened by certain stressors and, therefore, offer an explanation as to why well-being outcomes vary among people exposed to similar stressors.”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Connection Between Mental Illness and Violence
Hiday, V. A. (1997) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0160-2527(97)00028-9 · Cited by 122
Transforming Normality into Pathology: The DSM and the Outcomes of Stressful Social Arrangements
Horwitz, A. V. (2007) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650704800301 · Cited by 117
Gender, Race, and the Self in Mental Health and Crime
Rosenfield, S., Phillips, J. A., & WHITE, H. R. (2006) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2006.53.2.161 · Cited by 117
“For example, theories of the stress process and of self-concept posit that low self-evaluations heighten mental health problems, especially internalizing symptoms (Brown et al. 1990; Mirowsky and Ross 1996; Pearlin 1989, 1999; Pearlin et al. 1981; Rosenberg 1989; Thoits 1999).”
Overeducation and depressive symptoms: diminishing mental health returns to education
Bracke, P., Pattyn, E., & Knesebeck, O. V. D. (2013) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12039 · Cited by 117
Slocum, L. A., Simpson, S. S., & Smith, D. A. (2005) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2005.00033.x · Cited by 117
Understanding Health Disparities: The Promise of the Stress Process Model
Turner, R. J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1021-9_1 · Cited by 119
“As Pearlin et al. (1981) long ago noted, this fact has pointed toward hypotheses that various factors may moderate or mediate the connection between social stress and health related outcomes”
BackgroundWorkplace Discrimination and Health Among Filipinos in the United States
de Castro, A. B., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.110163 · Cited by 113
“In fact, stress researchers have long argued that focusing on particular outcomes may underestimate the potential effect of stressors.(2,17,18) Although these and other studies have been invaluable in advancing our understanding of discrimination, the study of discrimination in specific contexts is important and may a…”
BackgroundSiegel, M. J., Bradley, E. H., Gallo, W. T., & Kasl, S. V. (2004) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264304264208 · Cited by 114
“Pearlin (1989) and Thoits (1986) argued that social roles and structural arrangements, such as marriage, are the context through which stress leads to depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundWorking More and Feeling Better: Women's Health, Employment, and Family Life, 1974-2004
Schnittker, J. (2007) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240707200205 · Cited by 116
Does Childhood Misfortune Increase Cancer Risk in Adulthood?
Morton, P. M., Schafer, M. H., & Ferraro, K. F. (2012) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264312449184 · Cited by 119
“…short-term misfortune during childhood (e.g., death of a parent) may precipitate changes in biological systems, but they may also be associated with later-life stress proliferation and future exposure to health-disrupting stressors (Pearlin, 1989, 2010; Pearlin, Schieman, Fazio, & Meersman, 2005).”
Ansiedad, angustia y estrés: tres conceptos a diferenciar
Sierra, J. C., Ortega, V., & Zubeidat, I. (2003) · doi:10.5020/23590777.3.1.10 · Cited by 115
“Los individuos perciben de forma distinta la amenaza que representan las situaciones estresantes, haciendo uso de varias habilidades, recursos y capacidades, tanto personales como sociales, a fin de controlar esas situaciones potencialmente estresantes (Aneshensel, 1992; Brown y Harris, 1989; Cockerham, 2001; Kessler,…”
BackgroundThe perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia
Chien, W. T., Chan, S. W., & Morrissey, J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01501.x · Cited by 115
Pathways linking childhood maltreatment and adult physical health
Min, M. O., Minnes, S., Kim, H., & Singer, L. T. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.008 · Cited by 113
“P M a b a A R R A A K C P M A P C U 0 h Child Abuse & Neglect 37 (2013) 361– 373 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Child Abuse & Neglect athways linking childhood maltreatment and adult physical health eeyoung O. Mina,b,∗, Sonia Minnesa, Hyunsoo Kima, Lynn T. Singerb”
BackgroundMethodSocioeconomic status and cell aging in children
Needham, B. L., Fernández, J. R., Lin, J., Epel, E. S., & Blackburn, E. H. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.019 · Cited by 115
Exploring the emotional support needs and coping strategies of family carers
Chambers, M. G. A., Ryan, A. A., & Connor, S. L. (2001) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2001.00360.x · Cited by 115
Mossakowski, K. N., & Zhang, W. (2014) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272514534271 · Cited by 115
Education and the Activation, Course, and Management of Anger
Schieman, S. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676358 · Cited by 114
Decision-Making Involvement of Individuals With Dementia
Menne, H. L., & Whitlatch, C. J. (2007) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/47.6.810 · Cited by 114
“As Pearlin (1989) notes, types of outcomes will vary on the basis of the unique orientation of the researchers and the topic they are exploring.”
BackgroundUtsey, S. O., Payne, Y. A., Jackson, E. S., & Jones, A. M. (2002) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.3.224 · Cited by 114
“Pearlin (1989) noted that in U.S. society, resources, opportunities (social, economic, and educational), and self-regard are unequally distributed and members of lower status groups are likely to experience their devalued social status as a source of chronic stress.”
BackgroundBaird, M. A., & Grant, W. D. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2947-4_5 · Cited by 114
Ruthig, J. C., Haynes, T. L., Stupnisky, R. H., & Perry, R. P. (2009) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9079-6 · Cited by 113
“in terms of leaving home, new roommates, unfamiliar classes, and other important life events, together with the strain of on-going academic, social, and financial pressures ( Pearlin 1989; Perry et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSpiritual Struggles and Mental Health: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Religious Identity
Ellison, C. G., Fang, Q., Flannelly, K. J., & Steckler, R. A. (2013) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2012.759868 · Cited by 113
The Long-Term Impact of Early Adversity on Late-Life Psychiatric Disorders
Gershon, A., Sudheimer, K. D., Tirouvanziam, R. M., Williams, L. M., & O'Hara, R. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0352-9 · Cited by 118
Gender, Ethnicity, and Sexual Assault: Findings from a Los Angeles Study
Sorenson, S. B., & Siegel, J. M. (1992) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01159.x · Cited by 113
Traffic stress, vehicular burden and well-being: A multilevel analysis
Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.027 · Cited by 112
Multiple Roles and Well-Being Among Midlife Women: Testing Role Strain and Role Enhancement Theories
Reid, J., & Hardy, M. A. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.6.s329 · Cited by 113
“Measures of alcohol consumption and other outward displays of depressive symptoms may be more suitable for men than women, because alcoholism , for example, has been suggested as a masculine form of depressive behavior (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiang, C. T. H., Alvarez, A. N., Juang, L. P., & Liang, M. X. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.2.132 · Cited by 113
“Thus, stress is a behavioral, physical, or cognitive outcome associated with an individual’s inability to access personal or social resources to respond to an event that has been appraised to be harmful (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Pearlin, 1989).”
Married and Recently Divorced Mothers' Stressful Events and Distress: Tracing Change Across Time
Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Johnson, C., & Chao, W. (1997) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353674 · Cited by 113
“The hypothesized path linking family structure to per capita family income (y7l < 0) represents the social causation argument that increments in distress are a consequence of disadvantaged social position (Mirowsky & Ross, 1989; Pearlin, 1989), especially because that social position is reflected in the fact that fema…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProactive Approaches to Successful Aging: One Clear Path through the Forest
Kahana, E. F., Kahana, B., & Lee, J. E. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000360222 · Cited by 137
Personal Resources and the Social Distribution of Depression
Turner, R. J., Lloyd, D. A., & Roszell, P. (1999) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022189904602 · Cited by 116
The Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Maternal Neglect and Harsh Parenting
Turney, K. (2014) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot160 · Cited by 115
The First-Year Veterinary Student and Mental Health: The Role of Common Stressors
Hafen, M., Reisbig, A. M. J., White, M. B., & Rush, B. R. (2008) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.35.1.102 · Cited by 113
Leinonen, J. A., Solantaus, T. S., & Punamäki, R. (2003) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.409 · Cited by 111
The experience of chronic back pain: Accounts of loss in those seeking help from pain clinics
Walker, J., Sofaer, B., & Holloway, I. (2005) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.03.007 · Cited by 118
“Financial loss is a well-documented and inevitable consequence of job loss (Pearlin, 1989) and chronic pain (Kemler, 2002) and produces a cascade of stressful economic life events (Price et al., 1998).”
BackgroundHoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. (1998) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826089809056256 · Cited by 111
El estrés: un análisis basado en el papel de los factores sociales
Sandín, B. (2003) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 111
Technology Use Among College Students: Implications for Student Affairs Professionals
Gemmill, E. L., & Peterson, M. (2006) · NASPA Journal · doi:10.2202/1949-6605.1640 · Cited by 122
“Relationships with family and friends have a large influence on the health and well-being of college students (Weber, 2003), and the social support college students obtain from family and friends can help diminish the negative effects of stressful life events (Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundThe specific mediating paths between economic hardship and the quality of parenting
Leinonen, J. A., Solantaus, T. S., & Punamäki, R. (2002) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250143000364 · Cited by 110
“Does this possibly reect a shift in Finnish fathers’ involvement in the running of the household? Earlier literature has focused on depressive symptoms as a response to economic hardship (Conger & Elder, 1994; Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundMinority‐Specific Determinants of Mental Well‐Being Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth
Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00567.x · Cited by 110
“Pearlin, 1985 ). Young adults who perceive low levels of social support (Elliot, Herrick, & Witty,”
BackgroundImpact of Adult Sons’ Incarceration on African American Mothers’ Psychological Distress
Green, K. M., Ensminger, M. E., Robertson, J. A., & Juon, H. (2006) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00262.x · Cited by 109
“Pearlin (1989) describes a jail sentence as a chronic stressor given that a series of stressful events usually leads up to the incarceration.”
BackgroundLiving with the mentally ill: Effects on the health and functioning of other household members
Gallagher, S. K., & Mechanic, D. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00296-0 · Cited by 110
Gong, F., Xu, J., Fujishiro, K., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.014 · Cited by 108
Stress Process Model for Individuals With Dementia
Judge, K. S., Menne, H. L., & Whitlatch, C. J. (2009) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnp162 · Cited by 110
“Mediators “govern (or mediate) the effects of stressors on stress outcomes” (Pearlin, 1989, pp. 249–250) and are coping mechanisms that play a significant role in how IWDs manage the illness experience.”
BackgroundMethodGee, G. C., Chen, J., Spencer, M. S., See, S. E., Kuester, O. A., Tran, D., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.060442 · Cited by 113
Social Productivity and Well-being of Older People: A Sociological Exploration
Siegrist, J., Knesebeck, O. V. D., & Pollack, C. E. (2004) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700014 · Cited by 110
“A second universal need concerns enhanced feelings of self-worth or selfesteem (Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundResearch in Mental Health: Social Etiology versus Social Consequences
Aneshensel, C. S. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600301 · Cited by 109
Threats to the good death: the cultural context of stress and coping among hospice nurses
McNamara, B. A., Waddell, C. E., & Colvin, M. (1995) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep10933398 · Cited by 109
A longitudinal study of the effects of life status changes on changes in consumer preferences
Mathur, A., Moschis, G. P., & Lee, E. (2007) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-007-0021-9 · Cited by 108
“Stressful life events can also be triggered by chronic stress, as in the case of lengthy marital discord that can lead to divorce, but there is little theory and research on how chronic stress gives rise to events (Pearlin 1989).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Pearlin, L. I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pearlin, Leonard I.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 241
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976247888
- Cited by
- 3,263
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 147 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 36.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- stress, stressors, stress mediators, coping, social support, social status, social affiliation, stress measurement, stress effects
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Research, Social Support, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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