Cited by 3,263Health disparities and outcomesHealth and Well-being StudiesResilience and Mental Health

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The Sociological Study of Stress

Pearlin, Leonard I.·1989·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

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Abstract

This paper presents a critical overview of current concepts and analytic practices in stress research and considers how they can be changed to make the research more consistent with core sociological interests. An overarching concern of the paper is the analytic use of basic information about people's social and institutional affiliations and statuses. It is important that such information be treated not simply as data that need to be controlled statistically; we must examine the bearing of these data on each domain of the stress process: the exposure to and meaning of stressors, access to stress mediators, and the psychological, physical, and behavioral manifestations of stress. The conceptualization and measurement of stressors should move away from their focus on particular events or chronic strains and should seek instead to observe and assess over time constellations of stressors made up of both events and strains. Moreover, the effects of the mediators--coping and social support--are evaluated most fruitfully in terms of their effects in limiting the number, severity, and diffusion of stressors in these constellations. Finally, sociological stress researchers should not be bound to outcomes that better serve the intellectual interests of those who work with biomedical and epidemiological models of stress, nor should the research be committed exclusively to a single outcome.

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Control or Defense? Depression and the Sense of Control over Good and Bad Outcomes
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1990) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137046 · Cited by 338
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“This approach involves a life-stress paradigm in which negative aspects of exposure to stressors are modified by social/psychological and institutional factors, such as religious involvement (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
Self, Identity, Stress, and Mental Health
Thoits, P. A. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_18 · Cited by 358
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The influence of cancer patients' symptoms and functional states on patients' depression and family caregivers' reaction and depression.
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Trierer Inventar zur Erfassung von chronischem Streß (TICS): Skalenkonstruktion, teststatistische Überprüfung und Validierung der Skala Arbeitsüberlastung
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Perceived Discrimination, Social Stress, and Depression in the Transition to Adulthood: Racial Contrasts
Taylor, J. D., & Turner, R. J. (2002) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3090120 · Cited by 318
Racism and Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans
Calvin, R., Winters, K., Wyatt, S. B., Williams, D. R., Henderson, F. C., & Walker, E. R. (2003) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200306000-00003 · Cited by 313
Multiple Forms of Perceived Discrimination and Health among Adolescents and Young Adults
Denise, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146512444289 · Cited by 313
The Relationship between Internet Activities and Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of College Freshmen
Morgan, C. V., & Cotten, S. R. (2003) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493103321640329 · Cited by 310
“21–23 Theoretically, Internet usage for communication purposes, which is related to the exchange of social support, should be associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms.”
The Nature of Work and the Stress of Higher Status
Schieman, S., Whitestone, Y. K., & Van Gundy, K. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700304 · Cited by 211
Social Capital and Mental Distress in an Impoverished Community
Mitchell, C. U., & LaGory, M. E. (2002) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/1540-6040.00017 · Cited by 309
“Mastery is a summed score derived from a battery of Likert-type questions gauging respondents’ sense of control over their lives (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
Urban neighborhoods, chronic stress, gender and depression
Matheson, F. I., Moineddin, R., Dunn, J. R., Creatore, M. I., Gozdyra, P., & Glazier, R. H. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.001 · Cited by 307
Parenthood and happiness: effects of work-family reconciliation policies in 22 OECD countries
Glass, J., Simon, R. W., & Andersson, M. A. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/688892 · Cited by 296
The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations
Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. L. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.023 · Cited by 300
The Role of Discrimination and Acculturative Stress in the Physical Health of Mexican-Origin Adults
Finch, B. K., Hummer, R. A., Kol, B., & Vega, W. A. (2001) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/0739986301234004 · Cited by 315
“Discrimination may be both a life event stress (Thompson, 1996) and a chronic strain (Pearlin, 1989) and may lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and general malaise (Mirowsky & Ross, 1986).”
Background
Targeting Health Disparities: A Model Linking Upstream Determinants To Downstream Interventions
Gehlert, S. J., Sohmer, D., Sacks, T. K., Mininger, C., McClintock, M. K., & Olopade, O. I. (2008) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.339 · Cited by 305
Labeling and Stigma
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_25 · Cited by 314
A longitudinal model of social contact, social support, depression, and alcohol use.
Peirce, R. S., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., Cooper, M. L., & Mudar, P. J. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.1.28 · Cited by 316
Childhood Disadvantage and Health Problems in Middle and Later Life
Ferraro, K. F., Schafer, M. H., & Wilkinson, L. R. (2015) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122415619617 · Cited by 305
Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: examining explanations for the relationship
Barrett, A. E., & Turner, R. J. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01296.x · Cited by 292
“Research finds consistently that greater stress is associated with worse health (Pearlin 1989; Aneshensel 1992; Turner & Lloyd 1995), including greater risk of problematic substance use (Turner & Lloyd 2003).”
Background
Social support, stress, and maternal postpartum depression: a comparison of supportive relationships
Reid, K. M., & Taylor, M. G. (2015) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.08.009 · Cited by 291
Gender differences in unpaid care work and psychological distress in the UK Covid-19 lockdown
Xue, B., & McMunn, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247959 · Cited by 287
“Role strain theory has been widely used to explain how the potentially competing demands of unpaid care work and employment responsibilities may be related to mental health [12].”
Background
Personal Agency in the Stress Process
Thoits, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700401 · Cited by 295
“Was it because coping and social support resources needed to be taken into account as stress mediators and moderators (Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin 1989; Turner and Lloyd 1999)?”
Background
Beyond Incarceration: Criminal Justice Contact and Mental Health
Sugie, N. F., & Turney, K. (2017) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417713188 · Cited by 300
Age and the Effect of Economic Hardship on Depression
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2001) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090174 · Cited by 285
Linking psychosocial stressors and childhood obesity
Gundersen, C., Mahatmya, D., Garasky, S., & Lohman, B. J. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00813.x · Cited by 284
Life stressors as risk factors in depression.
Mazure, C. M. (1998) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00151.x · Cited by 535
The Conditional Effects of Stress on Delinquency and Drug Use: A Strain Theory Assessment of Sex Differences
Hoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. (1997) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427897034001004 · Cited by 287
Structure and Stress: Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms across Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Adkins, D. E., Wang, V., Dupre, M. E., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., & Elder, G. H. (2009) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.0.0238 · Cited by 293
“It is often argued that gender and racial/ethnic inequalities in depression resulting from structural disadvantage are mediated through disparities in stress exposure and adaptive resources (Pearlin 1989; Kessler et al. 1999; Williams and Collins 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
Gender, Parenthood, and Anger
Ross, C. E., & Willigen, M. V. (1996) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353718 · Cited by 277
Asian Immigrants and the Stress Process: A Study of Koreans in Canada
Noh, S., & Avison, W. R. (1996) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137273 · Cited by 277
The prevalence of postpartum depression
Segre, L. S., O’Hara, M. W., Arndt, S. V., & Stuart, S. P. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1 · Cited by 276
“How can we understand the role of financial poverty in the development of clinically-significant depressive symptoms? The social stress process model provides one formal framework for understanding this relationship: financially poor women are exposed to increased stress and decreased coping responses and resources, w…”
BackgroundInfluential
Stress, Role Captivity, and the Cessation of Caregiving
Aneshensel, C. S., Pearlin, L. I., & Schuler, R. H. (1993) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137304 · Cited by 276
Incarceration, Health, and Racial Disparities in Health
Massoglia, M. (2008) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00342.x · Cited by 281
Family burden and quality of life
Sales, E. (2003) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023513218433 · Cited by 275
“A systems perspective would emphasize the examination of family issues and adaptations, relationships, role and task restructuring, inasmuch as chronic illness requires major role realignments as the new role of caregiver is added and pre-existing role allocations for patient may need to be reassigned [17, 23, 24].”
Background
Social Support and Physical Health: Models, Mechanisms, and Opportunities
Uchino, B. N., Bowen, K. S., de Grey, R. K., Mikel, J., & Fisher, E. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_12 · Cited by 289
Racial Discrimination, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Crime
BURT, C. H., Simons, R. L., & Gibbons, F. X. (2012) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122412448648 · Cited by 299
Racial disparities in health among nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The role of acute and chronic discrimination
Colen, C. G., Ramey, D. M., Cooksey, E. C., & Williams, D. R. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.051 · Cited by 267
“The stress process model has long served as a powerful theoretical framework through which to gain a deeper understanding of population health patterns and inequalities (Pearlin 1989; Turner 2009).”
Background
Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives
Rieker, P. P., & Bird, C. E. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.special_issue_2.s40 · Cited by 269
“biological, some physicians believe that gender, and in particular the stress process (Pearlin, 1989), also affect autoimmune disease incidence and severity (Legato, 2002;”
Background
Caregiver burden: A concept analysis
Chou, K. (2000) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1053/jpdn.2000.16709 · Cited by 267
“First, Hoenig, and Hamilton (1966) distinguished objective from subjective burden, and Platt (1985), Montgomery et al.”
Background
Time Strains and Psychological Well-Being
Nomaguchi, K. M., Milkie, M. A., & Bianchi, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x05277524 · Cited by 266
“Stress researchers suggest that strains associated with role domains have important implications for individuals’ emotional functioning and well-being regardless of gender (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
The macroeconomic context of job stress.
Fenwick, R., & Tausig, M. (1994) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137280 · Cited by 220
Unemployment and Psychological Distress among Young People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychological Resources and Risk Factors
Achdut, N., & Refaeli, T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197163 · Cited by 277
“A common explanation for the relationship between unemployment and mental health, which was adopted in the current study, is the stress process model [34,35].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Racial discrimination and the stress process.
Ong, A. D., Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., & Burrow, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015335 · Cited by 282
“Building on the stress process framework (Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995; Pearlin, 1989), the present study explored five possible models for understanding the links between chronic and daily racial discrimination, negative life events, and their associations with psychological distress in African Americans.”
MethodInfluential
Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements
Horwitz, A. V. (2007) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459307077541 · Cited by 265
Iterative Thematic Inquiry: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Morgan, D. L., & Nica, A. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406920955118 · Cited by 301
Enhancing later life: How older people perceive active ageing?
Bowling, A. (2008) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860802120979 · Cited by 262
“Individual experiences are, in theory, derived from inter-related levels of social structure: social stratification (age being a determinant), social institutions, and inter-personal relationships (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
In their own words: a model of healthy aging
Bryant, L. L., Corbett, K. K., & Kutner, J. S. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00392-0 · Cited by 259
Competing explanations for associations between marital status and health
Wyke, S., & Ford, G. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90208-8 · Cited by 262
Chronic stress in the lives of college students: Scale development and prospective prediction of distress
Towbes, L. C., & Cohen, L. H. (1996) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537344 · Cited by 280
“These tasks require the college student to develop new social roles and modify old ones, changes that can result in role strain, which is a major aspect of chronic stress (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
How could differences in ‘control over destiny’ lead to socio-economic inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living environment
Whitehead, M., Pennington, A., Orton, L., Nayak, S., Petticrew, M., Sowden, A., & White, M. (2016) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.02.002 · Cited by 255
“The theories were developed predominantly, though not exclusively, from sociological studies of deteriorating trends happening in US cities (Wallace and Wallace 1990; Pearlin, 1989; Hill et al., 2005; Latkin and Curry, 2003; Mirowsky and Ross, 2003).”
Background
Teacher Stress in the Low-Trust Society
Troman, G. (2000) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/713655357 · Cited by 266
“But for some chronic strains (Pearlin, 1989) in the life-world, Kelchtermans (1995b) involved dif culties in or a break up of a personal relationship.”
Background
Effects of Family and Friend Support on LGB Youths' Mental Health and Sexual Orientation Milestones
Shilo, G., & Savaya, R. (2011) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00648.x · Cited by 260
“On the basis of social stress theory (Dressler, Oths, & Gravlee, 2005; Pearlin, 1989), minority stress theory 318 Family Relations 60 (July 2011): 318 – 330 DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00648.x maintains that both distal stressors (reflecting the degree of heterosexism in the environment) as well…”
BackgroundInfluential
Trajectories of depressive symptoms and stressful life events among male and female adolescents in divorced and nondivorced families
Ge, X., Natsuaki, M. N., & Conger, R. D. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060147 · Cited by 253
Characteristics, correlates, and outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disorders
Rao, U., & Chen, L.-A. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/urao · Cited by 252
Gender Differences in Strain, Negative Emotions, and Coping Behaviors: A General Strain Theory Approach
Jang, S. J. (2007) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418820701485486 · Cited by 258
“According to this basic proposition of GST, given that women are, on average, more distressed than men (Aneshensel, 1992; Mirowsky & Ross, 1989; Pearlin, 1989), women are supposed to commit more crime than men, but we have known for a long time that the opposite is true (Gottfredson & Hirschi,…”
Background
Exposure to Community Violence and Young Adult Crime: The Effects of Witnessing Violence, Traumatic Victimization, and Other Stressful Life Events
Eitle, D. J., & Turner, R. J. (2002) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/002242780203900204 · Cited by 246
“In his explication of stress process theory, Pearlin (1989) urged a clear focus on the structural contexts of people’s lives, arguing that stressful events and circumstances are rooted in and arise out of these contexts.”
Background
Environmental Stressors: The Mental Health Impacts of Living Near Industrial Activity
Downey, L. C., & Willigen, M. V. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600306 · Cited by 247
Toward Explaining Mental Health Disparities
Aneshensel, C. S. (2009) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650905000401 · Cited by 244
“…among those whose occupations are at the low end of the status hierarchy, and among those who live in poverty strongly suggests that these conditions of life create circumstances that have been and continue to be detrimental to mental and emotional well-being (Pearlin 1989; Turner and Lloyd 1999).”
Background
The effects of poverty on childrens socioemotional development: an ecological systems analysis.
Eamon, M. (2001) · Social work · doi:10.1093/sw/46.3.256 · Cited by 263
Changing Work, Changing Health
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., Tranby, E. P., & Huang, Q. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146511418979 · Cited by 255
The Use of Multiple Outcomes in Stress Research: A Case Study of Gender Differences in Responses to Marital Dissolution
Horwitz, A. V., WHITE, H. R., & Howell-White, S. (1996) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137297 · Cited by 236
Assessment of social psychological determinants of satisfaction with childbirth in a cross-national perspective
Christiaens, W., & Bracke, P. (2007) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-7-26 · Cited by 253
“However, as Pearlin [ 36 ] stated, mediating factors can play a buffering role between the discrepancy and the reaction to it. Personal control is one of those mediators.”
The Meanings Individuals Attach to Role Identities and Their Implications for Mental Health
Simon, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955370 · Cited by 236
Stress perception and commuting
Gottholmseder, G., Nowotny, K., Pruckner, G. J., & Theurl, E. (2008) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1389 · Cited by 245
Husband and Wife Differences in Response to Undesirable Life Events
Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Elder, G. H., Simons, R. L., & Ge, X. (1993) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137305 · Cited by 236
Social inequalities, stressors and self reported health status among African American and white women in the Detroit metropolitan area
Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., Williams, D. M., Parker, E. A., Becker, A., & James, S. A. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00084-8 · Cited by 238
“Pearlin (1989) has suggested that the distribution of stressful life events and life circumstances re¯ect structural contexts, and there is considerable evidence to support this thesis.”
Background
Relationship of Financial Strain and Psychosocial Resources to Alcohol Use and Abuse: The Mediating Role of Negative Affect and Drinking Motives
Peirce, R. S., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1994) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137211 · Cited by 235
Children of Misfortune: Early Adversity and Cumulative Inequality in Perceived Life Trajectories
Schafer, M. H., Ferraro, K. F., & Mustillo, S. (2011) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/655760 · Cited by 236
Prenatal Social Support, Postnatal Social Support, and Postpartum Depression
Xie, R., He, G., Koszycki, D., WALKER, M. C., & Wen, S. W. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.008 · Cited by 252
The Compassion Fatigue Scale: Its Use With Social Workers Following Urban Disaster
Adams, R. E., Figley, C. R., & Boscarino, J. A. (2007) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731507310190 · Cited by 280
“Thus, women, the elderly, the unmarried, and ethnic or racial minority groups respond more strongly to stress and have greater physical and psychological problems following these events, compared to men, younger adults, married individuals, and whites (Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The quality and quantity of social support: Stroke recovery as psycho-social transition
Glass, T. A., & Maddox, G. L. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90317-j · Cited by 233
Becoming Married, Depression, and Alcohol Problems Among Young Adults
Horwitz, A. V., & WHITE, H. R. (1991) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136805 · Cited by 232
Understanding marriage and stress: essential questions and challenges.
Story, L. B., & Bradbury, T. N. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.002 · Cited by 242
Marital transitions, marital beliefs, and mental health.
Simon, R., & Marcussen, K. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676367 · Cited by 197
Stress, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in low-income, inner-city women.
Ritter, C., Hobfoll, S. E., Lavin, J. P., Cameron, R. P., & Hulsizer, M. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.576 · Cited by 229
Stress and Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: A Gender Analysis
Aznar, M. P. M., Díaz, A., Pérez, J. M. B., & Fernández, I. I. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092859 · Cited by 322
“Various factors have been hypothesized to moderate or mediate the connection between social stress and health-related outcomes, although coping and social support have received the most attention in the research literature [28,29].”
Background
The stress process in neighborhood context.
Elliott, M. (2000) · Health and Place · doi:10.1016/s1353-8292(00)00010-1 · Cited by 192
“Examples of non-event like stressors include role strain, economic strain, status inconsistency, daily hassles, non-events and ambient strains (Pearlin, 1989; Wheaton, 1994, 1999).”
Background
Distress and Perceived Health: Mechanisms of Health Decline
Farmer, M. M., & Ferraro, K. F. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955372 · Cited by 227
Direct and Indirect Effects of Childhood Adversity on Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults
Turner, H. A., & Butler, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1021853600645 · Cited by 238
STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND DELINQUENCY ESCALATION IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE*
Hoffmann, J. P., & Cerbone, F. G. (1999) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00489.x · Cited by 224
Family Structure, Stress, and Psychological Distress: A Demonstration of the Impact of Differential Exposure
Avison, W. R., Ali, J., & Walters, D. (2007) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650704800307 · Cited by 221
Marital transitions and mental health: Are there gender differences in the short-term effects of marital status change?
Strohschein, L., McDonough, P., Monette, G. A., & Shao, Q. C. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.020 · Cited by 220
Socioeconomic Context, Social Support, and Adolescent Mental Health: A Multilevel Investigation
Wight, R. G., Botticello, A., & Aneshensel, C. S. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9009-2 · Cited by 237
“It is reasonable to expect that social support will have some impact on this association, given that studies have found support to “buffer” the deleterious effect of many other forms of stressors on emotional distress (Aneshensel, 1992; Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 1995; Turner and Turner, 1999).”
Result
Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: A research role for social scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists
Trudy Harpham, C. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90332-8 · Cited by 219
Role strain in couples with and without a child with a chronic illness: Associations with marital satisfaction, intimacy, and daily mood.
Quittner, A. L., Espelage, D. L., Opipari, L. C., Carter, B., Eid, N. S., & Eigen, H. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.2.112 · Cited by 217
Social Support and Well-being at Mid-Life Among Mothers of Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
DaWalt, L. S., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1420-9 · Cited by 240
“Social support has long been recognized as an important component in stress process and a predictor of psychological well-being (Cohen and Wills 1985; Pearlin 1989).”
Background
Cancer Survivor Identity and Quality of Life
Zebrack, B. (2000) · Cancer Practice · doi:10.1046/j.1523-5394.2000.85004.x · Cited by 227
A social stress model of substance abuse.
Rhodes, J. E., & Jason, L. A. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.58.4.395 · Cited by 211
Psychosocial Resources and the Stress Process
Turner, R. J., & Roszell, P. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1106-3_7 · Cited by 214
Epidemiological Sociology and the Social Shaping of Population Health
Link, B. G. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900401 · Cited by 213
Exploratory Case‐Control Analysis of Psychosocial Factors and Adult Periodontitis
Moss, M. E., Beck, J. D., Kaplan, B. H., Offenbacher, S., Weintraub, J. A., Koch, G. G., Genco, R. J., Machtei, E. E., & Tedesco, L. A. (1996) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.10s.1060 · Cited by 205
Factorial invariance of the CES-D in low socioeconomic status African Americans compared with a nationally representative sample
Nguyen, H., Kitner‐Triolo, M. H., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.004 · Cited by 212
“tioning. However, epidemiologic studies report a greater risk of major depression for women (5– 9%) comparedwith men (2–3% )( Pearlin, 1989; Blazer et al., 1991; Rhee et al., 1999).”
The Psycho‐social Perspective on Social Inequalities in Health
Elstad, J. I. (1998) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00121 · Cited by 204
Developmental coordination disorder and internalizing problems in children: The environmental stress hypothesis elaborated
Cairney, J., Rigoli, D., & Piek, J. (2013) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.07.002 · Cited by 202
Understanding Health Disparities
Turner, R. J. (2013) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869313488121 · Cited by 212
Resource loss, resource gain, and depressive symptoms: A 10-year model.
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., & Cronkite, R. C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.3.620 · Cited by 202
“It should be noted, however, that major negative life events of ten initiate persisting secondary stressors (Norris & Kaniasty, 1996; Pearlin, 1989; Wheaton, 1994), such as family and financial stressors (Norris & Uhl, 1993).”
Background
The Social Context of Mental Illness and Violence
Hiday, V. A. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137220 · Cited by 200

Authors: Pearlin, L. I.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Pearlin, Leonard I.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 241
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2136956
OpenAlex: W1976247888
Cited by: 3,263
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 117 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 147 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 36.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: stress, stressors, stress mediators, coping, social support, social status, social affiliation, stress measurement, stress effects
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Research, Social Support, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological

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