Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration

Vandenbroucke, Jan P.; von Elm, Erik; Altman, Douglas G.; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Mulrow, Cynthia D.; Pocock, Stuart J.; Poole, Charles; Schlesselman, James J.; Egger, Matthias

doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014

Cited by 2,969Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyMethodologies in Health Research and Practice

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration

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Vandenbroucke, Jan P., von Elm, Erik, Altman, Douglas G., Gøtzsche, Peter C., Mulrow, Cynthia D., Pocock, Stuart J., Poole, Charles, Schlesselman, James J. +1 more·2014·International Journal of Surgery

DOI 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014

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Abstract

Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case–control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site ( http://www.strobe-statement.org/ ) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.

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Appendix 2: Critical Appraisal Tools
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Authors: Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., & Egger, M.
Affiliations: Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
University of Oxford (GB)
Rigshospitalet (DK)
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
University of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author: Egger, Matthias
ORCID: Vandenbroucke, Jan P.
Altman, Douglas G.
Gøtzsche, Peter C.
Mulrow, Cynthia D.
Pocock, Stuart J.
Poole, Charles
Egger, Matthias
Venue: International Journal of Surgery
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2014-12
Volume: 12
Issue: 12
Pages: 1500-1524
ISSN: 1743-9159 (ISSN-L)
1743-9191
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014
OpenAlex: W4296024375
Cited by: 2,969
References: 218
Citations by year: 2026: 429 · 2025: 420 · 2024: 336 · 2023: 372 · 2022: 328 · 2021: 305 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 66.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Surgery (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
IRIS (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Bern
University of Bristol
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
Keywords: STROBE statement, reporting quality, observational studies, cohort studies, case-control study, cross-sectional study, reporting checklist, flowcharts, critical appraisal, study design reporting

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