The Social Control of Technology
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Moral accountability has instrumental value.
“Moral accountability also has an instrumental value.”
From Four Responsibility Gaps with Artificial Intelligence: Why they Matter and How to Address them (2021) · cites this paper as Collingridge, 1980
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., Duan, Y., Dwivedi, R., Edwards, J., Eirug, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002 · Cited by 4,611 · see citing works
Understanding ‘anticipatory governance’
Guston, D. H. (2013) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312713508669 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
A Framework for Responsible Innovation
Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118551424.ch2 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Environmental Assessment of Emerging Technologies: Recommendations for Prospective LCA
Arvidsson, R., Tillman, A., Sandén, B. A., Janssen, M., Nordelöf, A., Kushnir, D., & Molander, S. (2017) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12690 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Ethics and governance of trustworthy medical artificial intelligence
Zhang, J., & Zhang, Z.-M. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02103-9 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Four Responsibility Gaps with Artificial Intelligence: Why they Matter and How to Address them
Santoni de Sio, F., & Mecacci, G. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-021-00450-x · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Machine learning, social learning and the governance of self-driving cars
Stilgoe, J. (2018) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312717741687 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Midstream Modulation of Technology: Governance From Within
Fisher, E., Mahajan, R. L., & Mitcham, C. (2006) · Bulletin of Science Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467606295402 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Pidgeon, N., Lorenzoni, I., & Poortinga, W. (2007) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.005 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Blok, V., & Lemmens, P. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17308-5_2 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Swierstra, T., & Rip, A. (2007) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-007-0005-8 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Risk, precaution and science: towards a more constructive policy debate
Stirling, A. (2007) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400953 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Anticipatory innovation governance
Tõnurist, P., & Hanson, A. (2020) · OECD working papers on public governance · doi:10.1787/cce14d80-en · Cited by 335 · see citing works
The Sisyphean Cycle of Technology Panics
Orben, A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620919372 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Belenguer, L. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00138-8 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Working Towards Sustainable Development in the Face of Uncertainty and Incomplete Knowledge
Grünwald, A. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning · doi:10.1080/15239080701622774 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Zwart, H. A. E., Landeweerd, L., & van Rooij, A. (2014) · Life Sciences Society and Policy · doi:10.1186/s40504-014-0011-x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Bergerson, J. A., Brandt, A. R., Cresko, J., Carbajales‐Dale, M., MacLean, H. L., Matthews, H. S., McCoy, S., McManus, M. C., Miller, S. A., Morrow, W. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12954 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The use of digital twins in healthcare: socio-ethical benefits and socio-ethical risks
Popa, E., van Hilten, M., Oosterkamp, E., & Bogaardt, M. (2021) · Life Sciences, Society and Policy · doi:10.1186/s40504-021-00113-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Tannert, C., Elvers, H., & Jandrig, B. (2007) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401072 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Boenink, M., Swierstra, T., & Stemerding, D. (2010) · Studies in Ethics Law and Technology · doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1098 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“In addition to this lack of attention to moral questions, many forms of TA are hampered by the so-called Collingridge dilemma (Collingridge, 1980).”
BackgroundPfotenhauer, S. M., Laurent, B., Papageorgiou, K., & Stilgoe, J. (2021) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/03063127211048945 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Kemp, R., Rotmans, J. I., & Loorbach, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning · doi:10.1080/15239080701622816 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Schütz, F., Heidingsfelder, M. L., & Schraudner, M. (2019) · She ji · doi:10.1016/j.sheji.2019.04.002 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Ethnographic Invention: Probing the Capacity of Laboratory Decisions
Fisher, E. (2007) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-007-0016-5 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Vulnerable World Hypothesis
Bostrom, N. (2019) · Global Policy · doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12718 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
A Mobilising Concept? Unpacking Academic Representations of Responsible Research and Innovation
Ribeiro, B., Smith, R., & Millar, K. M. (2016) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-016-9761-6 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Ethics of Big Data: Current and Foreseeable Issues in Biomedical Contexts
Mittelstadt, B., & Floridi, L. (2016) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33525-4_19 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The role of design in circular economy solutions for critical materials
Babbitt, C. W., Althaf, S., Rios, F. C., Bilec, M. M., & Graedel, T. E. (2021) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.02.014 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Introducing the dilemma of societal alignment for inclusive and responsible research and innovation
Ribeiro, B., Bengtsson, L. G., Benneworth, P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2018.1495033 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Brauner, P., Hick, A., Philipsen, R., & Ziefle, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1113903 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Stahl, B. C., Timmermans, J., & Mittelstadt, B. (2016) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/2871196 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Handbook on Science and Public Policy
Simon, D., Kuhlmann, S., Stamm, J., et al. (2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781784715946 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Guinée, J. B., Heijungs, R., Vijver, M. G., et al. (2017) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.135 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Exploring early public responses to geoengineering
Pidgeon, N., Corner, A., Parkhill, K. A., Spence, A., Butler, C., & Poortinga, W. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0099 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Geoengineering as Collective Experimentation
Stilgoe, J. (2015) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9646-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Collingridge was interested in identifying and seeking to ameliorate ‘the roots of inflexibility’ (Collingridge 1980, p. 45).”
BackgroundInfluential(2019) · oekom verlag eBooks · doi:10.14512/9783962386887 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The empathic care robot: A prototype of responsible research and innovation
Stahl, B. C., McBride, N. K., Wakunuma, K., & Flick, C. (2013) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.08.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Public perceptions of geoengineering research governance: An experimental deliberative approach
Bellamy, R., Lezaun, J., & Palmer, J. (2017) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Varieties of responsibility: two problems of responsible innovation
van de Poel, I., & Sand, M. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-01951-7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Thewell-knownCollingridge dilemma (Collingridge 1980) with respect to technological development postulates that in the early phases of innovation innovations are usually still malleable (so the freedom condition is met) but the social consequences are often unknown (the knowledge condition is not met).”
BackgroundClimate geoengineering: issues of path‐dependence and socio‐technical lock‐in
Cairns, R. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.296 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Can we have a general theory of financial innovation processes? A conceptual review
Khraisha, T., & Arthur, K. N. A. (2018) · Financial Innovation · doi:10.1186/s40854-018-0088-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Burr, C., & Leslie, D. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00178-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Opening Up the Politics of Knowledge and Power in Bioscience
Stirling, A. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001233 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Constructing Productive Engagement: Pre-engagement Tools for Emerging Technologies
Kulve, H. T., & Rip, A. (2011) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-011-9304-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Garvey, C. S., & Maskal, C. (2020) · Omics · doi:10.1089/omi.2019.0078 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
COVID-19 Digital Health Innovation Policy: A Portal to Alternative Futures in the Making
Bayram, M., Springer, S., Garvey, C. K., & Özdemir, V. (2020) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2020.0089 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Technology Assessment for Responsible Innovation
Grünwald, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8956-1_2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Governing solar geoengineering research as it leaves the laboratory
Parker, A. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0173 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“5See Collingridge [40] for an account of the ‘control dilemma’, where the characteristics of a technology that might need specific governance are not clear until the technology is sufficiently widespread and locked-in, and governance measures are harder to apply.”
BackgroundScience, Precaution, and the Politics of Technological Risk
Stirling, A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1399.011 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Engaging publics about environmental and technology risks: frames, values and deliberation
Pidgeon, N. (2020) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1749118 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Open Engagement: Exploring Public Participation in the Biosciences
Marris, C., & Rose, N. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000549 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Governing climate risks in the face of normative uncertainties
Taebi, B., Kwakkel, J. H., & Kermisch, C. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.666 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nelson, J. P., Selin, C. L., & Scott, C. T. (2021) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2021.1957579 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A forensics of wishing: technology assessment in the age of technoscience
Nordmann, A. (2010) · Poiesis & Praxis · doi:10.1007/s10202-010-0081-7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Caprotti, F., Cugurullo, F., Cook, M., Karvonen, A., Marvin, S., Mc̱Guirk, P., & Valdez, M. (2024) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2024.2329401 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Harbers, H. (2005) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.5117/9789053567562 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Laurie, G. T. (2011) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1066-x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Biobanks are a paradigm example of the so-called ‘Collingridge dilemma’ faced by regulators and legislators: attempts to intervene too early in a technology trajectory mean that insufficient information is available on which to act, yet to wait can mean that technologies become entrenched and influence and change beco…”
BackgroundStrategic Intelligence on Emerging Technologies: Scientometric Overlay Mapping
Rotolo, D., Ràfols, I., Hopkins, M. M., & Loet Leydesdorff, A. (2015) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1502660.v2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Solar Geoengineering and Democracy
Horton, J. B., Reynolds, J. L., Buck, H. J., Callies, D. E., Schäfer, S., Keith, D. W., & Rayner, S. (2018) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00466 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exploring Expertise: Issues and Perspectives
Faulkner, W., Fleck, J., & Williams, R. (1998) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13693-3_1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ethics parallel research: an approach for (early) ethical guidance of biomedical innovation
Jongsma, K. R., & Bredenoord, A. L. (2020) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-020-00524-z · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The question about the right time of assessment and intervention of a technological development, has been debated since Collingridge introduced his famous dilemma [16].”
BackgroundFundamental Issues Regarding the Nature of Technology
Pleasants, J., Clough, M. P., Olson, J. K., & Miller, G. L. (2019) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-019-00056-y · Cited by 70 · see citing works
de Reuver, M., van Wynsberghe, A., Janssen, M., & van de Poel, I. (2020) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-020-09537-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Second, extending VSD to the entire life cycle is a way to address to so-called Collingridge dilemma (Collingridge 1980).”
MethodSteinhardt, S. B., & Jackson, S. J. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675298 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Reframing the governance of automotive automation: insights from UK stakeholder workshops
Cohen, T., Stilgoe, J., & Cavoli, C. (2018) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2018.1495030 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pallas, G., Vijver, M. G., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12855 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Adaptive Governance for Responsible Innovation
Lee, R. G., & Petts, J. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118551424.ch8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Asante, K., Owen, R., & Williamson, G. (2014) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2014.882552 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mediating artificial intelligence developments through negative and positive incentives
Han, T. A., Pereira, L. M., Lenaerts, T., & Santos, F. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244592 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“This is the case for many kinds of technological races especially when data about the effect of a new technology is usually lacking and only becomes available when it has been created and used enough (see the Collingridge Dilemma [48]), as are the cases of the domain supremacy race through AI [18,19] and the race for…”
MethodThe Dark Side of the Moon: The Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and The Quantified Planet
Özdemir, V. (2018) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2018.0143 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Zwart, H. A. E., & Nelis, A. (2009) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2009.115 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In more advanced phases, however, societal effects might become clearer, but there is also less room for adaptation and change (Collingridge, 1980).”
BackgroundFrom sociology of quantification to ethics of quantification
Saltelli, A., & Fiore, M. D. (2020) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00557-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Whatever course society takes it will have to contend with the pessimism of the Collingridge dilemma (Collingridge, 1980): it is arduous to control a technology, as it is impossible to know in advance its negative effects, and when the consequences become evident, it might be too late to intervene.”
BackgroundThe objects of technology assessment. Hermeneutic extension of consequentialist reasoning
Grünwald, A. (2019) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2019.1647086 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Bauer, A., Bogner, A., & Fuchs, D. (2021) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2021.1909812 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Subramanian, V., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., Vijver, M. G., et al. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137080 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A Sociotechnical Framework for Governing Climate Engineering
Bellamy, R. (2015) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243915591855 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Governing with ambivalence: The tentative origins of socio-technical integration
Fisher, E. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2019.01.010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Cebulla, A., Szpak, Z. L., Howell, C., Knight, G., & Hussain, S. (2022) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01460-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Aicardi, C., Reinsborough, M., & Rose, N. (2017) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2017.1331101 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
López, S. U. (2021) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-021-00408-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Frennert, S. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2019.1642393 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Collingridge’s dilemma and technoscience
Liebert, W., & Schmidt, J. C. (2010) · Poiesis & Praxis · doi:10.1007/s10202-010-0078-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wang, P., Robinson, A. J., & Papadokonstantakis, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2024.1412770 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Text mining of information resources to inform Forecasting Innovation Pathways
Guo, Y., Ma, T., Porter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2012.715491 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ahern, D. (2025) · European Business Organization Law Review · doi:10.1007/s40804-025-00348-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Solar Geoengineering: Social Science, Legal, Ethical, and Economic Frameworks
Flegal, J. A., Hubert, A., Morrow, D. R., & Moreno‐Cruz, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030032 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
To Regulate or Not: A Social Dynamics Analysis of an Idealised AI Race
Han, T. A., Pereira, L. M., Santos, F. C., & Lenaerts, T. (2020) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1.12225 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wolkenstein, A. (2018) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-018-9456-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Thus, given pluralism and the Collingridge Dilemma, we face a situation that is characterized by the impossibility of “doing ethics right” before releasing a technology.”
BackgroundInfluentialChallenges in Using Big Data to Develop Decision Support Systems for Social Work in Germany
Schneider, D., & Seelmeyer, U. (2019) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2019.1614513 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Liebert, W., & Schmidt, J. C. (2010) · Poiesis & Praxis · doi:10.1007/s10202-010-0079-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mulkay, M., Ashmore, M., & Pinch, T. (1987) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038587021004004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anticipating change : sustainable water policy pathways for an uncertain future
Haasnoot, M. (2013) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036535595 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Logic of Choice or Logic of Care? Uncertainty, Technological Mediation and Responsible Innovation
Groves, C. (2015) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-015-0238-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bertolini, A., Salvini, P., Pagliai, T., Morachioli, A., Acerbi, G., Trieste, L., Cavallo, F., Turchetti, G., & Dario, P. (2016) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-016-0345-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Özdemir, V., Dove, E. S., Gürsoy, U. K., Şardaş, S., YILDIRIM, A., Yılmaz, Ş. G., Barlas, O., Güngör, K., Mete, A., & Srivastava, S. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1489-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Birko, S., Dove, E. S., & Özdemir, V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129706 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Innerárity, D. (2013) · European Journal of Social Theory · doi:10.1177/1368431012468801 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Technological Delegation: Responsibility for the Unintended
Waelbers, K. (2008) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-008-9098-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Machine Learning, Social Learning and the Governance of Self-Driving Cars
Stilgoe, J. (2017) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2937316 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mayne, A. J.
- Venue
- Journal of the Operational Research Society
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1982-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 771-772
- ISSN
- 0160-5682 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-9360
- OpenAlex
- W4299913095
- Cited by
- 577
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Operational Research Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Innovation, Technology, and Society
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Research, Science, and Academia
- Keywords
- social control, technology, technology regulation, social control of technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
