Cited by 951Gender and Feminist StudiesGender Diversity and InequalityEmployment, Labor, and Gender Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment

Ridgeway, Cecilia L.·1997·American Sociological Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

How can we explain the persistence of gender hierarchy over transformations in its socioeconomic base? Part of the answer lies in the mediation of gender inequality by taken-for-granted interactional processes that rewrite inequality into new institutional arrangements. The problems of interacting cause actors to automatically sex-categorize others and, thus, to cue gender stereotypes that have various effects on interactional outcomes, usually by modifying the performance of other, more salient identities. Because changes in the status dimension of gender stereotypes lag behind changes in resource inequalities, interactional status processes can reestablish gender inequalities in new structural forms. Interactional sex categorization also biases the choice of comparison others, causing men and women to judge differently the rewards available to them. Operating in workplace relations, these processes conserve inequality by driving the gender-labeling of jobs, constructing people as gender-interested actors, contributing to employers' discriminatory preferences, and mediating men's and women's perceptions of alternatives and their willingness to settle for given job outcomes.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2657301

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Men and Women of the Corporation.
Strauss, G., & Kanter, R. M. (1978) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2522922 · Cited by 7,292
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,207
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107
The Economics of Discrimination.
Collard, D. A., & Becker, G. S. (1972) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2230052 · Cited by 3,642
Sex Differences in Social Behavior
Eagly, A. H. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203781906 · Cited by 3,440
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60317-2 · Cited by 3,367
Social cognition, 2nd ed.
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Cited by 2,341
Sex‐Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal1
Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x · Cited by 1,857
Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization
(1992) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/0024-6301(92)90251-v · Cited by 1,754
A dual process model of impression formation.
Brewer, M. B. (1988) · Cited by 1,499

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 61 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 951

Holding up Half the Sky? Ethno-Gender Labour Market Outcomes in China
Cherng, H. S., Hasmath, R., & Ho, B. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary China · doi:10.1080/10670564.2018.1542222 · Cited by 20
Participation in Household and Paid Labor: Effects on Perceptions of Role-Taking Ability
Cast, A. D., & Bird, S. R. (2005) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250506800203 · Cited by 20
Die Geschlechtersegregation beim Berufseinstieg – Berufswerte und ihr Erklärungsbeitrag für die geschlechtstypische Berufswahl
Busch, A. (2013) · Berliner Journal für Soziologie · doi:10.1007/s11609-013-0220-9 · Cited by 20
Perceived Costs versus Actual Benefits of Demographic Self‐Disclosure in Online Support Groups
Pechmann, C., Yoon, K. E., Trapido, D., & Prochaska, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1200 · Cited by 19
“Research has given particular attention to demographic homophily, due to the deep cultural significance of demographics such as gender, race, and age (Kleinbaum et al., 2013; Reagans, 2005, 2011; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
Interpreting Unrest: How Violence changes Public Opinions about Social Movements
Baggetta, M., & Myers, D. (2021) · Social Movement Studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2021.1920385 · Cited by 16
Association between childhood and adolescent television viewing and unemployment in adulthood
Landhuis, C. E., Perry, D. K., & Hancox, R. J. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.007 · Cited by 19
“It is known that experience and expectations of employment for men and women are different (Blau and Kahn, 2000; Ridgeway, 1997; Wootton, 1997), and these differences may be responsible for the sex-differences we observed.”
Background
TOWARDS A STRUCTURAL THEORY OF STATUS INEQUALITY: STRUCTURES AND RENTS IN POPULAR MUSIC AND TASTES
Ollivier, M. (2004) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/s0276-5624(04)21010-1 · Cited by 19
Saying It Like It Isn't: Mixed Messages From Men and Women in the Workplace1
LaPlante, D. A., & Ambady, N. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02750.x · Cited by 19
“Many interactions, including those in the workplace, have been seen as causing individuals to automatically gender-categorize and consequently cue gender stereotypes (Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
The Welfare State, Family Policies, and Women’s Labor Force Participation: Combining Fuzzy-Set and Statistical Methods to Assess Causal Relations and Estimate Causal Effects
Eliason, S. R., Stryker, R., & Tranby, E. P. (2008) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230594081_5 · Cited by 19
The Rise of Programming and the Stalled Gender Revolution
Cheng, S., Chauhan, B., & Chintala, S. (2019) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v6.a13 · Cited by 19
Constructing Gender: A Lens-Model Inspired Gender Communication Approach
Koch, S. C. (2004) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/b:sers.0000037761.09044.ae · Cited by 19
Identity negotiation processes amidst diversity
Polzer, J. T., & Caruso, H. M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511753725.006 · Cited by 20
Social Difference Codes and Social Connections: 1999 Presidential Address to the Pacific Sociological Association, April 16, 1999, Portland, Oregon
Ridgeway, C. L. (2000) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.2307/1389779 · Cited by 19
“I have argued that gender is one such difference code that is deeply rooted in the cooperative interdependencies of interaction (Ridgeway 1997; Ridgeway and Correll 2000; Ridgeway and Smith-Lovin 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Women’s Regrets About Their Lives: Cohort Differences in Correlates and Contents
Newton, N. J., Torges, C. M., & Stewart, A. J. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0126-6 · Cited by 18
“1983; Carr 2004; Russo 1976), and employment (Acker 1990; Ridgeway 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
What Social Psychology Can Contribute to the Study of Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation
Mize, T. D. (2015) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12331 · Cited by 18
Egalitarianism and Gender Inequality
Charles, M., & Grusky, D. B. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429494468-44 · Cited by 18
Workplace challenges in corporate America: differences in black and white
Smith, J. W., & Joseph, S. E. (2010) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/02610151011089500 · Cited by 18
Geschlechterungleichheit in Organisationen
Achatz, J., Fuchs, S., von Stebut, J., & Wimbauer, C. (2002) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-80453-2_12 · Cited by 18
WORKING ON STATUS PUZZLES
Webster, M. (2004) · Advances in group processes · doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(03)20007-2 · Cited by 18
Leader Sex and Employee Power Distance Orientation as Boundary Conditions of the Relationship between Leader Humility and Leader-Member Exchange
Wang, P., Dust, S. B., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2021.1966632 · Cited by 17
“Applying this phenomenon to the leaderfollower dyad, followers’ interpretations of leaders’ behaviors are likely to be filtered through such sexfocused stereotypes (Abraham, 2020; Fiske, 1998; Gorman, 2005; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
They Can’t All Be Stars: The Matthew Effect, Cumulative Status Bias, and Status Persistence in NBA All-Star Elections
Biegert, T., Kühhirt, M., & Lancker, W. V. (2023) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231159139 · Cited by 17
“For instance, the perceived status differences between men and women, or between White and Black individuals, lead to statusdifferentiated resource allocation (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2004; Castilla 2008; Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
When the going gets tough: Board gender diversity in the wake of a major crisis
Mukherjee, S., & Krammer, S. M. S. (2024) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2024.101784 · Cited by 17
Gefühlvolle Entscheidung und entscheidende Gefühle
Schnabel, A. (2005) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-005-0151-3 · Cited by 17
Gender-Related Values, Perceptions of Discrimination, and Mentoring in STEM Graduate Training
Hayes, A. R., & Bigler, R. S. (2013) · Scholar Works at UT Tyler (The University of Texas at Tyler) · Cited by 17
The road not taken: Women’s life paths and gender-linked personality traits
Newton, N. J., & Stewart, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.02.003 · Cited by 17
“Ultimately, gender roles and stereotypes influence expectations for women’s personality attributes, often most pronounced in the work place (Ridgeway, 1997): women are expected to be more communal and relational than men because their family roles as wives and mothers require them to be supportive…”
Background
Workplace Gender Pay Gaps: Does Gender Matter Less the Longer Employees Stay?
Kronberg, A. (2019) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888419868748 · Cited by 19
“With higher social status, men are typically believed to be more competent and deserving of rewards (e.g., Berger, Fisek, Norman, & Wagner, 1985; Pugh & Wahrman, 1983; Rashotte & Webster Jr., 2005; Ridgeway, 1997, 2011).”
Background
Perceptions of Legitimacy: The Sex of the Legal Messenger and Reactions to Sexual Harassment Training
Tinkler, J. E., Gremillion, S., & Arthurs, K. (2014) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12065 · Cited by 17
Context and the gendered status of teachers: women’s empowerment through leadership of non‐formal schooling in rural Bangladesh
Sperandio, J. (2010) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540251003674097 · Cited by 17
“Conceptual understandings of status (Weber 1994) and gendered status (Ridgeway 1997, 2001) underlie worldwide efforts to achieve gender equity in all spheres of human activity.”
Background
More women at the top: The impact of gender roles and leadership style
Eagly, A. H. (2003) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-80475-4_11 · Cited by 17
The Social Psychology of Gender Inequality
Kroska, A. (2014) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4_20 · Cited by 17
Do we see class membership and how?
Pape, S., Rössel, J., & Solga, H. (2012) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2012.05.002 · Cited by 18
Gender Discrimination in Chinese Recruitment Advertisements: A Content Analysis
Gao, Z. (2008) · Journal of Asia-Pacific Business · doi:10.1080/10599230802453638 · Cited by 18
Gender equality policies and higher education careers
Berggren, C. (2010) · Journal of Education and Work · doi:10.1080/13639080.2010.534442 · Cited by 17
“It is in new work places and in new professions where gender relations are not yet fixed – in so called ‘transition zones’ (Ridgeway 1997) – where gender policies are most likely to have an effect.”
BackgroundInfluential
Divisions of labour. Social groups and occupational allocation
Charles, M. (2000) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/16.1.27 · Cited by 17
Galvanizing the “Missing Revolution”: Processes and Meanings of the Child/Adult Binary in the Social Construction of Age
Barnes, L., Johfre, S. S., & Munsch, C. L. (2024) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/730457 · Cited by 17
Gendered Relational Work: How gender shapes money attitudes and expectations of young adults
Bandelj, N., Lanuza, Y. R., & Kim, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2021.1952098 · Cited by 16
“If gender is produced in social interactions, doing femininity and masculinity depends on the social context (Connell 1995) in which individuals try to match their behaviors according to the expectations of others gleaned from interactions (Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
Beyond The Glass Ceiling: Informal Gender-Based Status Hierarchy and Corporate Misconduct
Chen, S., Chen, Y.-L., & Jebran, K. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114281 · Cited by 16
Engineering Inequality: Informal Coaching, Glass Walls, and Social Closure in Silicon Valley
Luhr, S. W. (2024) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/729506 · Cited by 16
“Research on occupational segregation shows that most jobs are typed as either feminine or masculine (Reskin and Roos 1990; Ridgeway 1997; Budig 2002) and that men and women are channeled into distinct jobs within organizations (Williams 1992; Anderson and Tomaskovic-Devey 1995).”
Background
Workplace Incivility and Its Impact on Public Employees’ Job Search Behavior
Hatmaker, D. M., Smith, A. E., & Hassan, S. (2024) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/00910260241228658 · Cited by 16
“…can be granted by the formal job position, but there is also power conferred by one’s demographic characteristics, and employees of marginalized groups are typically allotted a lower status (Acker, 1990, 2006; Kanter, 1977; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Ridgeway, 1997; Tinkler & Zhao, 2019).”
Gender composition at work and women's career satisfaction: An international study of 35 societies
Terpstra-Tong, J. L. Y., Treviño, L. J., Yaman, A. C., Froese, F. J., Ralston, D. A., Bozionelos, N., Furrer, O., Tjemkes, B. V., Darder, F. L., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12570 · Cited by 16
Relative Earnings and Depressive Symptoms among Working Parents: Gender Differences in the Effect of Relative Income on Depressive Symptoms
Kramer, K. Z., & Pak, S. (2017) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0848-6 · Cited by 16
Does the Presence of Women in Management Impact Gender Inequality?
Huffman, M. L. (2015) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_11 · Cited by 16
Perceptions of Relational Practices in the Workplace
Carlson, J. H., & Crawford, M. (2011) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00561.x · Cited by 16
Better not look too nice? Employees' preferences towards (un)likeable managers
Geys, B. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.02.001 · Cited by 16
“Such differentiated effects can be expected because individuals’ sex is one of the primary means of categorizing individuals in Western societies (Brewer and Lui, 1989; Ridgeway, 1997), and we “automatically and unconsciously sex-categorize any other to whom we must relate” (Ridgeway, 1997, p.”
Background
The Gendering of Criminal Stigma: An Experiment Testing the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Incarceration on Women's Entry-Level Job Prospects
Ortiz, N. R. (2014) · Cited by 16
Exit Tales: How Precarious Workers Navigate Bad Jobs
Sallaz, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/0891241615625458 · Cited by 16
“A second possibility is the men were more likely to overestimate their chances on the labor market and thus risk unemployment (Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
Analysis of gender and leadership role competencies, perceptions and stereotypes in an organisational context
Samuel, M. O., & Mokoaleli, I. (2017) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v48i2.28 · Cited by 16
“This finding is further supported by several theoretical perspectives including lack of fit theory (Heilman, 2001), role congruity theory (Eagly & Karau, 2002), expectation states theory (Berger et al., 1977; Ridgeway 1997, 2001), and the think manager–think male paradigm (Schein, 1973, 2007).”
Social Networks and Job Search Outcomes among Male and Female Professional, Technical, and Managerial Workers
Torres, L., & Huffman, M. L. (2002) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2002.10571218 · Cited by 16
Complementary rather than contradictory: diversity and excellence in peer review and admissions in American higher education
Lamont, M., & Silva, G. M. (2009) · Contemporary Social Science · doi:10.1080/17450140802535925 · Cited by 16
“More broadly, we know that men’s traits are generally viewed as more valuable than women’s, and that men are diffusedly judged as more competent (Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
Between familial imprinting and institutional regulation: Family related employment interruptions of women in Germany before and after the German reunificationPreprint
Drasch, K. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/haq3r · Cited by 16
DISCRETION WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF OPPORTUNITY: GENDER HOMOPHILY AND STRUCTURE IN A FORMAL ORG
Kleinbaum, A. M., Stuart, T. E., & Tushman, M. L. (2011) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2011.65869758 · Cited by 16
The Right to Have "Society in the Bones": The Skill and Bodies of Male Workers in Qatar
Iskander, N. (2017) · Women's studies quarterly · doi:10.1353/wsq.2017.0079 · Cited by 15
“They have shown that when the laboring body is viewed as female or feminized, the work the person performs and the competence she expresses is systematically erased (Reskin 1988; Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
Setting Gendered Expectations? Recruiter Outreach Bias in Online Tech Training Programs
Lane, J. N., Lakhani, K. R., & Fernandez, R. M. (2023) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.22.16499 · Cited by 15
Ambivalent Bias at Work: Managers’ Perceptions of Older Workers across Organizational Contexts
Axelrad, H., Kalev, A., & Lewìn-Epstein, N. (2023) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170231175790 · Cited by 15
“This is often justified by stereotyping outgroup members or reinforcing existing bias and prejudice (Fiske et al., 2002; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Double bind in loan access in China: the reification of gender differences in business loans
Xu, H., Zhan, H. J., James, C. E.-E., Fannin, L. D., & Yin, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/ijge-08-2017-0048 · Cited by 16
The Contours of Gendered Academic Citizenship
Sümer, S., O’Connor, P., & Feuvre, N. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52600-9_1 · Cited by 15
From professional aspirations to identity confirmation and transformation: The case of Japanese career women working for foreign subsidiaries in Japan
Pudelko, M., & Tenzer, H. (2023) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12497 · Cited by 17
Gender Differences in the Provision of Job-Search Help
Zhou, M. (2019) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243219854436 · Cited by 15
It Is All about Power: Corruption, Patriarchy and the Political Participation of Women
Merkle, O., & Wong, P. (2019) · Gender, development and social change · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14935-2_20 · Cited by 15
Glass Ceiling Or Saran Wrap™? Women In Gaming Management
Costen, W. M., Hardigree, C. E., & Testagrossa, M. A. (2012) · UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal · doi:10.9741/2327-8455.1180 · Cited by 15
Status Inequality and Occupational Regrets in Late Life
Schieman, S., Pearlin, L. I., & Nguyen, K. B. (2005) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027505279720 · Cited by 15
The (re)production of inequality in evaluations: A unifying framework outlining the drivers of gender and racial differences in evaluative outcomes
Abraham, M., Botelho, T. L., & Lamont-Dobbin, G. (2024) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2024.100207 · Cited by 16
“It’s Broader than Just My Work Here”: Gender Variations in Accounts of Success among Engineers in U.S. Academia
Sarathchandra, D., Haltinner, K., Lichtenberg, N., & Tracy, H. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7030032 · Cited by 14
“As an integral component of ‘gender performance’ in the workplace (Ridgeway 1997), descriptions of success may help reduce or exacerbate existing inequalities between the sexes (Gherardi 1994).”
Background
Leader power bases and perceived leader effectiveness: conservation of gender stereotypes
Dirik, D. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01169-2 · Cited by 14
“…& Morris, 2009: 870), the predisposition to view the world in hierarchical terms, a masculine image of a leader, and the lack of legitimacy associated with women leaders (Chemers, 1997; Eden & Leviathan, 1975; Ridgeway, 1997; Werth, Markel, & Förster, 2006) among others that are yet to be explored.”
Background
Gênero, raça, desigualdades e políticas de ação afirmativa no ensino superior
Barreto, P. C. D. S. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política · doi:10.1590/0103-335220151603 · Cited by 14
Labor-market Inequality: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class
Browne, I., & Misra, J. (2007) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470996973.ch9 · Cited by 16
Out in the Open: Elected Female Leadership in Canada's First Nations Community
Voyageur, C. J. (2011) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.2011.01250.x · Cited by 14
The Same-Sex-Referent-Work Satisfaction Relationship: Assessing the Mediating Role of Distributive Justice Perceptions
Buchanan, T. (2008) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2008.10571329 · Cited by 14
Audience Response to Gender Role Portrayals in Indian Advertisements
Dwivedy, A. K., Patnaik, P., & Suar, D. (2009) · Journal of Creative Communications · doi:10.1177/097325861000400201 · Cited by 14
“Though men are not averse to neutral portrayals, transition from traditional gender role attitudes has proceeded more quickly for women than for men (Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
Race, Place, and Unsolicited Job Leads
McDonald, S., Hamm, L., Elliott, J. R., & Knepper, P. (2015) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496515620645 · Cited by 14
Hillary Rodham Versus Hillary Clinton: Consequences of Surname Choice in Marriage
Shafer, E. F. (2017) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-016-9182-5 · Cited by 14
ABOUT FACE: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FACIAL APPEARANCE AND STATUS ATTAINMENT AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL
Hochschild, T. R., & Borch, C. A. (2011) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2011.557132 · Cited by 14
GENDER AND PROFESSIONAL PURITY
Barr, D. A., & Boyle, E. H. (2001) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/089124301015001003 · Cited by 14
Organizations and stratification: Processes, mechanisms, and institutional contexts
Tomaskovic‐Devey, D., & Avent‐Holt, D. (2016) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.08.008 · Cited by 14
Gender-Specific Occupational Segregation, Glass Ceiling Effects, and Earnings in Managerial Positions: Results of a Fixed Effects ModelPreprint
Busch, A., & Holst, E. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1751430 · Cited by 14
Occupational Segregation
Weeden, K. A. (2007) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeoso004 · Cited by 14
Exploring the role of language knowledge and background knowledge in reading comprehension of specific-purpose tests in higher education
Tarlani-Aliabadi, H., Tazik, K., & Azizi, Z. (2022) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-022-00198-x · Cited by 16
“For example, dividing 69 students into low and high proficiency levels, Ridgeway (1997) explored the points where linguistic threshold emerge.”
Background
The Impact of COVID-19 on Women and Work: Career Advancement Challenges
Lafkas, S. M., Christensen, M., & Madsen, S. R. (2023) · Merits · doi:10.3390/merits3010011 · Cited by 13
“Years of theoretical development and research have supported the notion of gendered status value beliefs, where in mixed-sex interactions, women are often perceived and treated, albeit often unconsciously, as less competent than men [24–26].”
Getting to the Helm: Women in Leadership in Federal Regulation
Smith, A. E. (2014) · Public Organization Review · doi:10.1007/s11115-013-0240-0 · Cited by 13
“Both public administration research and management research suggest that when it comes to selecting leaders, we tend to match gender with work activities rather than individuals with work activities (Martin 1992; Reskin 1993; Ridgeway 1997; Eagly and Karau 2002).”
Background
Gender Inequality in the IT Sector in Sweden and Ireland
Davies, K., & Mathieu, C. (2005) · Arbetsliv i omvandling · Cited by 13
Do Atypical Individuals Make Atypical Choices? Examining How Gender Patterns in Personality Relate to Occupational Choice and Wages Among Five Professions in Sweden
Grönlund, A., & Magnusson, C. (2017) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-017-9194-9 · Cited by 13
Temps partiel et ségrégation professionnelle femmes-hommes : une affaire individuelle ou de contexte professionnel ?
Briard, K. (2020) · Travail et emploi · doi:10.4000/travailemploi.9796 · Cited by 13
“riDgewAy C. L. (1997), “Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment”, American Sociological Review, vol.”
Background
The limits of gender and regional diversity in the European Association of Social Psychology
Nyúl, B., Lantos, N. A., Reicher, S. D., & Kende, A. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2774 · Cited by 13
“Inequalities are also justified by a perceived mismatch between women and high-status positions that are manifested in the functioning of organisations, such as the division of labour, the symbols and language, and in the patterns of interactions (Martin, 2003; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
Ethnic minority CEO turnover: Resource‐based and leadership categorization perspectives
Ursel, N. D., Durante, A., & Elsaid, E. M. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2688 · Cited by 16
Gender Inequality in Interaction -- An Evolutionary Account
Hopcroft, R. L. (2009) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.0.0185 · Cited by 13
“It is these expectations about competence that influence whether the individual defers or not in an experimental interaction (Berger, Cohen and Zelditch 1966; Fisek, Berger and Norman 1991; Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
Different or similar: constructions of leadership by senior managers in Irish and Portuguese universities
O’Connor, P., & Carvalho, T. (2014) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2014.914909 · Cited by 13
“Theoretically this article draws on Ridgeway (1997; 2011) and Ridgeway and Correll’s (2004) ideas about the importance of underlying gender status beliefs and their impact on interactional contexts, and ultimately on the perpetuation of gender inequalities.”
The Gendered Consequences of Unemployment Insurance Reforms
Mooi‐Reci, I., & Mills, M. C. (2012) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sos111 · Cited by 13
Who Gets and Who Gives Employer-Provided Benefits? Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data
Kristal, T. (2017) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sox048 · Cited by 17
LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION – ARE WOMEN STILL MORE SECONDARY WORKERS?
Rembeza, J., & Radlińska, K. (2020) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/jbem.2020.13648 · Cited by 13
“Many analyses show that despite the improved situation of women on the labor market, gender is still important for diversification of the labor market situation (Mukhopadhyay, 2016; Fortin, 2005, Ridgeway, 1997; Lažetić, 2020).”
Background
Women's Perceptions of the Aviation Workplace: An Exploratory Study
Stevenson, L., Cuevas, H. M., Rivera, K. K., Kirkpatrick, K., Aguiar, M. D., & Albelo, J. L. D. (2021) · Collegiate Aviation Review International · doi:10.22488/okstate.22.100223 · Cited by 13
“Historically, gender bias in the workplace has contributed to perpetuating structural inequalities (Bridges, 2017; Coleman, 2020; Cundiff, Ryuk, & Cech, 2018; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
Contemporary Discrimination in the Lab and Field: Benefits and Obstacles of Full‐Cycle Social Psychology
Dasgupta, N., & Stout, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01754.x · Cited by 13
“The existence of large structural inequalities between social groups in employment, healthcare, housing, education, and treatment in the judicial system have been widely noted and debated in the past few decades (Badgett, 1996; Daniels, 2001; Ellis & Riggle, 1996; Leonhardt, 2002; Portwood, 1995; Raudenbush & Kasim, 1…”
Background
Perceptions of Justice in Employment Selection Decisions: The Role of Applicant Gender
Bernerth, J. B. (2005) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2005.00316.x · Cited by 13
Breaking the Glass Ceiling? Gender and Leadership in Higher Education
Katuna, B. (2014) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 13
From below the glass ceiling: female perspectives in the world of advertising
Mueller, S., DuBosar, E., & Windels, K. (2022) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2022.2115020 · Cited by 12
“Men, who are ‘more concerned with professional pursuits, having higher power, status, and competence’, and who engage in gender normative behaviours, flourish in the workplace (Woehlner et al., 2020, p. 210), and are indeed granted more rewards than their female counterparts (Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
The militarized workplace: How organizational culture perpetuates gender inequality in Korea
Um, S. (2023) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.13005 · Cited by 12
Telling a supervisor about experiences of gendered dismissal: Problems of documentation, tellability, and failed authority
Stevanovic, M., Olakivi, A., Nevalainen, H., Henttonen, P., & Ravaja, N. (2023) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.13088 · Cited by 12
How gender hierarchies matter in youth activism: young people's mobilizing around sexual health in Ecuador and Peru
Coe, A., Goicolea, I., & Öhman, A. (2012) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2012.744815 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, they consist of the knowledge system that enables individuals to distinguish between the sexes, to develop gendered expectations and stereotypes, and to make places, spaces and practices gendered (Hekman 1990, Lorraine 1990, Haraway 1991, Ridgeway 1997).”
Background
Resistance and persistence: exploring gender-untypical educational choices
Myklebust, R. B. (2018) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2018.1529553 · Cited by 12
“In a more recent contribution, Ridgeway (1997) contends that cultural beliefs and stereotypes, such as women being more communicative and men being more technically competent, are among the core components that maintain or change our gender perceptions.”
BackgroundResult
Gender‐based exclusionary practices in performance appraisal
Fenech, A. E., Kanji, S., & Vargha, Z. (2021) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12768 · Cited by 12
Investigating How Women Leaders and Managers Support Other Women’s Entrance and Advancement in Construction and Engineering
Baker, M., Ali, M., & French, E. (2023) · Journal of construction engineering and management · doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-12399 · Cited by 5

Authors: Ridgeway, C. L.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
ORCID: Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
Venue: American Sociological Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1997-04
Volume: 62
Issue: 2
Pages: 218
ISSN: 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2657301
OpenAlex: W2091725322
Cited by: 939
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 28.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
Keywords: gender inequality, gender stereotypes, interaction processes, sex categorization, gender hierarchy, employment, employment discrimination, gender pay gap, job choice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks