Cited by 951Gender and Feminist StudiesGender Diversity and InequalityEmployment, Labor, and Gender Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment

Ridgeway, Cecilia L.·1997·American Sociological Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

How can we explain the persistence of gender hierarchy over transformations in its socioeconomic base? Part of the answer lies in the mediation of gender inequality by taken-for-granted interactional processes that rewrite inequality into new institutional arrangements. The problems of interacting cause actors to automatically sex-categorize others and, thus, to cue gender stereotypes that have various effects on interactional outcomes, usually by modifying the performance of other, more salient identities. Because changes in the status dimension of gender stereotypes lag behind changes in resource inequalities, interactional status processes can reestablish gender inequalities in new structural forms. Interactional sex categorization also biases the choice of comparison others, causing men and women to judge differently the rewards available to them. Operating in workplace relations, these processes conserve inequality by driving the gender-labeling of jobs, constructing people as gender-interested actors, contributing to employers' discriminatory preferences, and mediating men's and women's perceptions of alternatives and their willingness to settle for given job outcomes.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2657301

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Men and Women of the Corporation.
Strauss, G., & Kanter, R. M. (1978) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2522922 · Cited by 7,292
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,207
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107
The Economics of Discrimination.
Collard, D. A., & Becker, G. S. (1972) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2230052 · Cited by 3,642
Sex Differences in Social Behavior
Eagly, A. H. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203781906 · Cited by 3,440
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60317-2 · Cited by 3,367
Social cognition, 2nd ed.
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Cited by 2,341
Sex‐Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal1
Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x · Cited by 1,857
Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization
(1992) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/0024-6301(92)90251-v · Cited by 1,754
A dual process model of impression formation.
Brewer, M. B. (1988) · Cited by 1,499

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 61 references

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 951

Family policies or labor markets? women's employment inequality in 14 Welfare States from 1960 to 2008.
Tranby, E. P. (2010) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
Practicing gender or practicing science? Gender practices of women scientists
Rhoton, L. A. (2009) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-3055 · Cited by 2
Can sociology be a science?: The issue of gender and sex-dimorphic characteristics
Gove, W. R., & Malcom, N. L. (1997) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-997-1018-z · Cited by 2
Beyond Conventional Wage Discrimination Analysis: Assessing Comprehensive Wage Distributions of Males and Females Using Structured Additive Distributional RegressionPreprint
Silbersdorff, A. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2698624 · Cited by 2
“…by and large no longer facing discrimination in formal education (see Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013a,b), there is ample evidence for remaining sources of disadvantage for women inside and outside the labour market (see among others Ridgeway, 1997; Arulampalam et al., 2007; Hook and Pettit, 2015).”
Leading by Example: The Impact of Female Supervisors on Worker Productivity
Ranganathan, A. (2016) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2016.11724abstract · Cited by 2
Occupational Segregation
Yl, Y., & Weeden, K. A. (2017) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeoso004.pub2 · Cited by 2
Theorizing Cleavage Identities: The Contribution of Cultural SociologyPreprint
Westheuser, L. (2022) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xv6se · Cited by 2
The mental health and well-being of women in the UK Armed Forces
Woodhead, C. (2013) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 2
THE MIGRATION, WORKING, LIVING AND INTEGRATION EXPERIENCES OF IMMIGRANT LIVE-IN CAREGIVERS IN ONTARIO, CANADA
Atanackovic, J. (2014) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/19587 · Cited by 2
Assessing the problem of gender inequality in deliberative democracy
Dillard, K. N. (2011) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 2
Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Styles Communication Patterns, and Job Satisfaction of College Principals
Masood, A. (2015) · Pakistan Journal of Education · doi:10.30971/pje.v32i2.16 · Cited by 1
Associations Between Gender and Sexuality Characteristics of Cisgender Bisexual Women and Risk of Sexual Assault
Ford, J. V., Shefner, R. T., Scheer, J. R., Sheehan, A., & Hughes, T. L. (2024) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2024.2420050 · Cited by 1
“Gender discrimination involves the social conditions in which women are treated differently (and usually worse) than men because of their gender (Homan, 2019; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Managing motherhood: how “queen bee” managers in the US service sector reduce motherhood advantages in work scheduling
Choper, J. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf193 · Cited by 1
“Expectation states theory argues that gender is a salient categorical distinction or “status char-acteristic” in the workplace around which expectations, beliefs, and stereotypes regarding merit and competence are organized ( Berger,Hamit Fisek,and Norman 1977; Ridgeway 1997,2011).”
GLASS CEILING
Carneiro, L. B., de Gomes, D. G., da Cruz, A. P. C., & Frare, A. B. (2022) · SINERGIA - Revista do Instituto de Ciências Econômicas Administrativas e Contábeis · doi:10.17648/2236-7608-v26n1-12645 · Cited by 1
Agency and Social Learning Modes
Wenger, É., & Wenger-Trayner, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677431.010 · Cited by 1
Critical Analysis of the Interwoven Ideologies Embedded in American Picture Books about Taiwanese Children
Chen, H., & Son, E. H. (2022) · Dzieciństwo Literatura i Kultura · doi:10.32798/dlk.915 · Cited by 1
“Cecilia Ridgeway (1997) claims that cultural stereotypes in work settings are cued by sex categorisations: male traits are recognised as more successful than female ones.”
Background
Status Effects of Attractiveness at Work
Frevert, T. K., Bardwell, T., & Walker, L. S. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-174-720230011 · Cited by 1
Gender equality in Bamenda universities: a case study
Sucuoğlu, E., & Nkudong, R. (2023) · Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) · doi:10.7769/gesec.v14i11.2969 · Cited by 1
“The majority of women are far more inclined to experience discrimination and sexism at work in administrative roles than in any other positions, according to research by Ridgeway, C. L. (1997) and Chabaya, et al., (2009).”
Result
On Forms of Inequality: Urban Dynamics and Choice
Pardo, I., & Prato, G. B. (2024) · Palgrave studies in urban anthropology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78694-5_1 · Cited by 1
Approaching or avoiding? Gender asymmetry in reactions to prior job search outcomes by gig workers in female- versus male-typed job domains
Yang, T., Bao, J., & Leung, M. D. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf011 · Cited by 1
“…women are less competent in male-typed fields,women might come to believe that they are inferior at male-typed tasks (Charles and Bradley 2009; Hyde et al. 1990) or internalize negative beliefs that men are more competent than women at male-typed tasks (Correll 2001; Eccles 1994; Ridgeway 1997).”
Gender-inclusive job titles: how language forms shape job pursuit intentions
Hällfritzsch, M., Sczesny, S., Hüffmeier, J., & Zacher, H. (2026) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2026.2670329 · Cited by 1
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON EMERGENT LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS AND PERCEPTIONS IN SRI LANKA
Carte, T. A., Falana, B. M., Brooks, W. D., Wang, N., & Schwarzkopf, A. B. (2010) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
FIND MORE, DO MORE, REVEAL LESS
Martey, R. M. (2010) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691181003663585 · Cited by 1
The Nurse Faculty Shortage: The Untold Story
Smith, L. N. (2012) · Cited by 1
Markets, Networks And Internal Mobility: The Allocation Of Human Resources Within Contemporary Organizations
Keller, J. (2015) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1
Toward Better Understanding of Interaction Dynamics in Multicultural Teams: A Status Perspective
Silberzahn, R., & Chen, Y.-R. (2012) · Research on managing groups and teams · doi:10.1108/s1534-0856(2012)0000015016 · Cited by 3
Gendering and Racializing Control: Workplace Surveillance and Resistance at an Electronics Retailer
Payne, J. (2015) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4240.2005 · Cited by 1
A Study on the Leadership Styles of Women and Men in Leadership Effectiveness
홍용기 (2010) · Management & Information Systems Review · doi:10.29214/damis.2010.29.4.010 · Cited by 1
Discriminatory Rationalization: The Equity/Excellence Debate in Canada.
Robbins, W. J. (2010) · Forum on public policy · Cited by 1
Are Employment Trajectories of STEM Doctoral Degree Holders Gender-Specific? Evidence from a Large German Technical University
Bartsch, S., Buenstorf, G., Otto, A., & Theissen, M. (2024) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748925590-89 · Cited by 1
Female CEO Leadership at the Fortune 500 Level: Personality, Culture, and Profit
Macrae, Z., & Baur, J. E. (2024) · Research in personnel and human resources management · doi:10.1108/s0742-730120240000042004 · Cited by 1
Legitimacy in Interaction: Hierarchical Dynamics and Social Moral Dilemmas
Esteinou, A. M. (2024) · Palgrave studies in urban anthropology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78694-5_9 · Cited by 1
Genre et contexte. Processus de désinstitutionnalisation et différenciation de genre
Heintz, B., & Nadai, E. (2015) · Trivium · doi:10.4000/trivium.5055 · Cited by 1
Examining gender differentials in health : the impacts of education, employment, and family roles in Taiwan
Fan, G.-H. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Searching for Our Alma Maters: Women Professors in Canadian Fiction Written by Women
Robbins, W., Sutherland, R. C., & Luo, S.-P. (2008) · Journal of Canadian Studies · doi:10.3138/jcs.42.2.43 · Cited by 1
“…power, such as that of Virginia Valian (1999) or Marie Wilson (2004), helps us understand the unarticulated hypotheses, “gender schemas (Valian 1999, 208),” or stereotypes that are operative in society even now, as well as research on status and prestige, such as that of Cecilia Ridgeway (1997).”
Background
Constructing Gender and Occupational Segregation:
Yodanis, C. L. (2002) · Vanderbilt University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv16f6j36.7 · Cited by 1
WITHDRAWN: Estimating the Disadvantages Facing Muslim Women in the Australian Labour Market
Khattab, N., Daoud, Y., Qaysiya, A., & Shaath, M. (2018) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.11.008 · Cited by 1
Organizational Social Networks and Implications for Inequality in Silicon Valley Tech
Jarvie, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_152-1 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, women and minorities may be viewed as less competent and hence receive fewer work-related benefits from their networks (McGuire, 2002; Ridgeway, 1997).”
Background
“You Don’t Understand… It’s Not About Virginity”: Sexual Markets, Identity Construction, and Violent Masculinity on an Incel Forum Board
Segalewitz, J. (2020) · Cited by 1
Modern Iranian Female Identity in Farhad Hassanzadeh's Hasti
Ghane, F., & Nojoumian, A. A. (2021) · International Research in Children s Literature · doi:10.3366/ircl.2021.0398 · Cited by 1
The Perspective of Value Creation
Wenger, É., & Wenger-Trayner, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677431.009 · Cited by 1
Social Learning Spaces and Other Structures
Wenger, É., & Wenger-Trayner, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677431.007 · Cited by 2
Gender Regimes East and West
(2003) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822384489-002 · Cited by 1
The Price of Consent: Identity Wages in the Games Industry
Buck, A. R. (2022) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/08912416221085558 · Cited by 1
“Some skilled jobs entail less favorable conditions or compensation because the workforce consists of people belonging to oppressed groups generally seen as less competent, valuable, worthy, or hardworking (Ridgeway 1997, 2001).”
Background
Organizational Social Networks and Implications for Inequality in Silicon Valley Tech
Jarvie, D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14625-2_152 · Cited by 1
Los estereotipos de género en el empleo: una cuestión de actualidad
Rubert, M. B. C. (2023) · Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho · doi:10.7203/cefd.49.26459 · Cited by 1
Race, gender and the administration of justice in a community corrections system
Wyse, J. J. B. (2011) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Gender Stereotyping in South African Constitutional Court Cases : an Interdisciplinary Approach to Gender Stereotyping
Bizimana, A. (2014) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 1
Identity Negotiation Processes Amidst Diversity: Understanding the Influence of Social Identity and Status Differences
Polzer, J. T., & Caruso, H. M. (2008) · Cited by 1
Communication in institutionalized settings in Oman: Gender, discourse and the politics of interaction
Al-Wahaibi, I. (2012) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Cultures of inequality : exploring gender and race in a South African university
Nombela, N. (2014) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1
The Impact of Feminine Identity and Soft Influence Tactics on Leadership StylePreprint
Kaul, A., & Kumar, K. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Country Differences in the Relationship between Incomes and Wage Rates of Working PartnersPreprint
Abendroth, A. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Gender mistakes and inequalityPreprint
Bourg, C. (2016) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/854hd · Cited by 1
Gender Inequality In Overworking America
Cha, Y. (2010) · eCommons (Cornell University) · Cited by 1
Women and science in development: a longitudinal analysis of gender, networks, and information technology in Ghana, Kenya, and India
Miller, B. P. (2009) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1927 · Cited by 1
Gender Bias in Engineering: Does More Contact with Female Engineers Reduce Bias?
Hoeffel, E. M. (2007) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Sociability Closure and Gender Inequalities in Earnings, Promotions and Job TenurePreprint
Lyttelton, T. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/qdbk9 · Cited by 1
Degrees of Difference: Gender Segregation of U.S. Doctorates by Field and Program PrestigePreprint
Weeden, K. A., Thébaud, S., & Gelbgiser, D. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9k6tv · Cited by 1
Étudiants singuliers, hommes pluriels : orientations et socialisations masculines dans des formations "féminines" de l’enseignement supérieur
Olivier, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7eb4a193z4058z43f7zb328z4c1d23863887 · Cited by 1
THE ROLE OF GENDER IN EVALUATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC COMPETENCE
Hunter, L. A. (2010) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Mechanisms of attaining professional and managerial positions and gender. The case of Estonia
Roots, A. (2014) · Przegląd Socjologiczny
Sustainability in a Good Society: Alternate Visions from Australia and the United States
Spitz, J. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137313621_6
Managing Gender & Diversity – Assumptions, Connections and Challenges for theory development
Koall, I. (2010) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92501-1_29
Self-employment and field of education understood from current entrepreneurship research
Berggren, C., & Olofsson, A. (2015) · International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/ijge-03-2013-0024
Levels of response in experiential conceptualizations of neighborhood: The potential for multiple versions of this place construct
Williams, C. M. (2011) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Gender, Trial Employment, and Initial SalariesPreprint
Sterling, A. D., & Fernandez, R. M. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2456817
“Because women do not fit the normative expectation of those who that pursue professional careers (Ridgeway, 1997), their expected value to employers may be lower than men’s (Heilman and Hayes, 2005).”
Gender, Power, and Negotiation: Some Findings on the Role of Gender in Conflict Resolution
Boyer, M. A., Niv‐Solomon, A., Urlacher, B., & Hudson, N. F. (2006)
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: The Implications of Status for Overestimation of Network Ties
Barsness, Z. I., Seidel, M. L., Diekmann, K. A., & Michael, J. H. (2008) · ASAC
Gender, Productivity, and Collaborative Networks in SciencePreprint
Sterling, A. D., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2269352
Politique et genre. Egalité programmatique et pratique de la différenciation
Gildemeister, R., & Robert, G. (2015) · Trivium · doi:10.4000/trivium.5062
Constructing gender : postgraduate psychology students’ gendered accounts of their future profession
Hira, T. C. (2013) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)
Biological And Subjective Responses To Minority Status And Social Exclusion In The Workplace: A Gendered Perspective
Taylor, C. J. (2010) · eCommons (Cornell University)
Spanning Borders and Boundaries: Sociology for the Twenty-First Century
Segal, M. T. (1999) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.1999.10571146
Shopping is Work: An Institutional Ethnography of Grocery Shopping
Koch, S. L. (2009) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Chicano y Chicana: income differences among the largest U. S. Hispanic population
Clawson, C. C. (2006) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University)
Income inequality:the cost of being a single woman
Mikal, D. J. (2005) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University)
Double Standards of Recruitment for Men and Women? New Evidence from Moonlighting of German Parliamentarians
Geys, B., & Mäuse, K. (2009)
Two analyses of gender from ethnographic field data on the sport of mixed martial arts
Vaccaro, C. A. (2011) · DigiNole (Florida State University)
Community, Nationalism, and Soccer in America's Heartland Globalization and Postville, IA
White, D. G. (2010) · University Microfilms International eBooks
Targeting Treatment or Reproducing Inequality
Rehabilitation, G., & Wyse, J. J. B. (2011)
Title of dissertation: DOES GENDERED LABOR FORCE STRUCTURE AFFECT ADULT CHILDREN'S PROVISION OF TRANSFER TO THEIR ELDERLY PARENTS? AN EXAMINATION OF THE LATE -MIDDLE -AGED GENERATION
Shieh, C. A., Falk, W. E., & Wong, R. (2005)
Exploiting the Urban Poor: Eviction and Imprisonment of Afro-American Inner-city Dwellers
Duvoux, N. (2012)
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS
da Costa, C. M. S. M. (2013)
Inequality in the work visa approvals of U.S.immigrants
Rissing, B. A. (2013) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
The Impact of Fatherhood on Men's Earnings in Canada
Aravena, F. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4017
“The meanings of fatherhood Ridgeway (2011) has argued that in a system of gender inequality men and women are viewed and treated differently in public and private settings.”
Background
Maternal influence on adolescents' formation of work-family gender ideology: variations by gender, race, and ethnicity
Lewis, J. (2007) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/8735-wx89
Eliminating Discrimination: Effects of Industrial Characteristics on Patterns of Occupational Sex Segregation.
Levanon, A., & Kim, Y. (2006)
From working for a living to searching for a living
Neufeld, R. L. (2005) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University)
The Impact of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Gender Equality and Development
Kucuk, N. C. (2013) · Eastern Mediterranean University Institutional Repository (Eastern Mediterranean University)
Food for One, but Not for All: Food Access and Collective Identity in the Urban Agriculture Movement
Robinson, D. J. (2014)
Stereotypical Occupational Segregation & Gender Inequality: An Experimental StudyPreprint
Kulkarni, S., & Hatekar, N. R. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Women in Academic Leadership Roles at Research Intensive Universities: Examining the Recent Past Using NSOPF-93
Raveling, J. S. (2013) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Sex, drugs, and rolling rocks: Adolescent counter-normative behaviors and their job mobility as young adults
Greve, H. R. (2014) · Research in the sociology of work · doi:10.1108/s0277-283320140000025006
Gender Pay Inequality
Campos, J. E. (2015) · Digital Commons - CSUMB (California State University, Monterey Bay)
Hyperembedded demand and uneven innovation
Erickson, B. H. (2018) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526137449.00013
“Gender is always salient to some degree at work (Ridgeway, 1997) and social relations are more common and more comfortable between co-workers of the same gender (e.g. Ibarra, 1997).”
Background
Ethnic Allocation of Rewards in Organizations
Wilson, G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen630
Gendered Social Bonds and Gender Ideologies: Understanding the Gender Gap in Delinquency
Cooper, D. (2004) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Language and prejudice : the "invisible hand" of gender inequality in modern organizations
Rho, H. J. (2016)
Destined for Equality: The Inevitable Rise of Women’s Status, by Robert Max Jackson.
Allen, J. A. (2000) · Journal of History · doi:10.3138/cjh.35.2.411

Authors: Ridgeway, C. L.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
ORCID: Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
Venue: American Sociological Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1997-04
Volume: 62
Issue: 2
Pages: 218
ISSN: 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2657301
OpenAlex: W2091725322
Cited by: 939
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 28.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
Keywords: gender inequality, gender stereotypes, interaction processes, sex categorization, gender hierarchy, employment, employment discrimination, gender pay gap, job choice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks