The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices
Abstract
An attempt is made to explicate the meaning of construct validity. Operational issues in the process of construct validation are investigated. A subset of JMR studies involving construct validation are reviewed and the role of construct validity in marketing is considered.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“According to Meehl (1967) and Peter (1981), correlations between constructs from the same sample are highly likely, if the sample is large and reliability is given (at least to some degree).”
From Development and Validation of a Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Technology Use (2024) · cites this paper as Peter (1981)
Citations
Cites
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Churchill, G. A. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377901600110 · Cited by 16,549
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
(2025) · doi:10.53555/acr.v2i2 · Cited by 13,486
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,252
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Research in Organizational Behavior
Hammer, E. R., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258300 · Cited by 11,176
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312006001112 · Cited by 8,013
Cited by
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Cheung, C., & Bagley, C. (1998) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989809599157 · Cited by 275
Assessing the Construct Validity of Risk Attitude
Pennings, J. M. E., & Smidts, A. (2000) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.10.1337.12275 · Cited by 273
Statistical Power and Effect Size in Marketing Research
Sawyer, A. G., & Ball, A. D. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800302 · Cited by 268
Motivational Factors for Evaluating Sport Spectator and Participant Markets
McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Hong, J. (2002) · Sport Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106169340201100206 · Cited by 268
Branding a B2B service: Does a brand differentiate a logistics service provider?
Davis, D. F., Golicic, S. L., & Marquardt, A. J. (2007) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.02.003 · Cited by 266
Nara, E. O. B., da Costa, M. B., Baierle, I. C., Schaefer, J. L., Benitez, G. B., do Santos, L. M. A. L., & Benitez, L. B. (2020) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.018 · Cited by 264
An Analysis of Consumer Interaction Styles in the Marketplace
Richins, M. L. (1983) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208946 · Cited by 260
Econometrics of the Basu Asymmetric Timeliness Coefficient and Accounting Conservatism
BALL, R., KOTHARI, S. P., & NIKOLAEV, V. V. (2013) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1475-679x.12026 · Cited by 258
Consumption values and relationships: segmenting the market for frequency programs
Long, M. M., & Schiffman, L. G. (2000) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760010329201 · Cited by 257
Ecoscale: A scale for the measurement of environmentally responsible consumers
Stone, G. W., Barnes, J. H., & Montgomery, C. (1995) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.4220120704 · Cited by 257
Too afraid to Travel? Development of a Pandemic (COVID-19) Anxiety Travel Scale (PATS)
Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104286 · Cited by 255
Measuring attitudes towards general technology: Antecedents, hypotheses and scale development
Edison, S. W., & Geissler, G. L. (2003) · Journal of Targeting Measurement and Analysis for Marketing · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740104 · Cited by 253
Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1995) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/0167-8116(93)e0035-8 · Cited by 251
How Important Are Brands? A Cross-Category, Cross-Country Study
Fischer, M., Völckner, F., & Sattler, H. (2010) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.5.823 · Cited by 248
Viewpoint – Export performance measurement: reflective versus formative indicators
Diamantopoulos, A. (1999) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/02651339910300422 · Cited by 247
Afthanorhan, A., Ghazali, P. L., & Rashid, N. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1874/1/012085 · Cited by 239
Lodging quality index (LQI): assessing customers’ perceptions of quality delivery
Getty, J. M., & Getty, R. L. (2003) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/09596110310462940 · Cited by 238
Planning and Conducting Experimental Advertising Research and Questionnaire Design
Geuens, M., & De Pelsmacker, P. (2017) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1225233 · Cited by 234
A Measure of Selling Skill: Scale Development and Validation
Rentz, J. O., Shepherd, C. D., Tashchian, A., Dabholkar, P. A., & Ladd, R. T. (2002) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2002.10754289 · Cited by 234
James, W. L., & Hatten, K. J. (1995) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250160206 · Cited by 233
Drowning in silence: a scale development and validation of quiet quitting and quiet firing
Anand, A., Doll, J. L., & Ray, P. (2023) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-01-2023-3600 · Cited by 228
Heere, B., & James, J. D. (2007) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1441-3523(07)70004-9 · Cited by 226
Measuring ecological concern: A multi‐construct perspective
Bohlen, G. M., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Diamantopoulos, A. (1993) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.1993.9964250 · Cited by 224
User acceptance of mobile Internet: Implication for convergence technologies
Shin, D. (2007) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2007.04.001 · Cited by 223
Internship and employability prospects: assessing student’s work readiness
Kapareliotis, I., Voutsina, K., & Patsiotis, A. G. (2019) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-08-2018-0086 · Cited by 220
Development and validation of the active empathetic listening scale
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2005) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20105 · Cited by 219
The Consumption of Television Programming: Development and Validation of the Connectedness Scale
Russell, C. A., Norman, A. T., & Heckler, S. E. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/383431 · Cited by 219
The Use and Misuse of Structural Equation Modeling in Management Research: A Review and Critique
Davcik, N. S. (2010) · Journal of Advances in Management Research · doi:10.1108/jamr-07-2013-0043 · Cited by 214
AI–Human Hybrids for Marketing Research: Leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) as Collaborators
Arora, N., Chakraborty, I., & Nishimura, Y. (2024) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429241276529 · Cited by 215
Wu, C., Liu, C.-H. S., & Huang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-022-00346-y · Cited by 213
Sullivan, P. M., & Heitmeyer, J. (2008) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2008.00680.x · Cited by 211
The Impact of Internet Use on Business-to-Business Marketing
Avlonitis, G. J., & Karayanni, D. A. (2000) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/s0019-8501(99)00071-1 · Cited by 211
A Tale of Two Countries’ Conservatism, Service Quality, and Feedback on Customer Satisfaction
Voss, C., Roth, A. V., Rosenzweig, E. D., Blackmon, K., & Chase, R. B. (2004) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670503260120 · Cited by 210
An empirical comparison of statistical construct validation approaches
Ahire, S. L., & Devaraj, S. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/17.946530 · Cited by 209
The Structure of Survey-Based Brand Metrics
Lehmann, D. R., Keller, K. L., & Farley, J. U. (2008) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.16.4.29 · Cited by 206
Learning during the new financial service innovation process
Blažević, V., & Lievens, A. (2002) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00272-2 · Cited by 202
Reinholz, D. L., & Shah, N. (2018) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.49.2.0140 · Cited by 202
Self-Enhancement as a Motivation for Sharing Online Advertising
Taylor, D. G., Strutton, D. R., & Thompson, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2012.10722193 · Cited by 200
A Procedure for Scaling Perceptions of Lodging Quality
Getty, J. M., & Thompson, K. N. (1994) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/109634809401800206 · Cited by 199
The Dimensionality of Beliefs toward Advertising in General
Andrews, J. C. (1989) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1989.10673140 · Cited by 197
Measuring customer experience in banks: scale development and validation
Garg, R., Rahman, Z., & Qureshi, M. N. (2014) · Journal of Modelling in Management · doi:10.1108/jm2-07-2012-0023 · Cited by 196
A conceptual and empirical comparison of three market orientation scales
Matsuno, K., Mentzer, J. T., & Rentz, J. O. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(03)00075-4 · Cited by 195
Identifying the Dimensions of the Product-Brand and Consumer Relationship
Veloutsou, C. A. (2007) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1362/026725707x177892 · Cited by 195
Issues in conducting marketing strategy research
Slater, S. F. (1995) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/09652549500000016 · Cited by 194
Wesley, S. C., LeHew, M., & Woodside, A. G. (2006) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.01.005 · Cited by 192
The Effects of Blog-Mediated Public Relations (BMPR) on Relational Trust
Yang, S., & Lim, J. S. (2009) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/10627260802640773 · Cited by 192
Uttl, B. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01557.x · Cited by 190
Arteaga-Ortíz, J., & Fernández-Ortiz, R. (2010) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2010.00300.x · Cited by 188
Houston, M. B., & Johnson, S. A. (2000) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.37.1.1.18719 · Cited by 187
Taylor, D. G., Davis, D. F., & Jillapalli, R. K. (2009) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-009-9036-2 · Cited by 182
Mapping the Procedural Knowledge of Industrial Sales Personnel: A Script-Theoretic Investigation
Leigh, T. W., & McGraw, P. F. (1989) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298905300103 · Cited by 182
Lu, C., Lai, K., & Cheng, T. C. E. (2006) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2006.05.001 · Cited by 181
How do we measure corporate environmental performance? A critical review
Dragomir, V. D. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.014 · Cited by 180
Influence of personality on ecological consumer behaviour
Andrés, E. F., & Martínez, E. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.169 · Cited by 179
Methods of Measuring Health-Care Service Quality
Lee, H., Delene, L. M., Bunda, M. A., & Kim, C. (2000) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(98)00089-7 · Cited by 176
The Performance Implications of Designing Multiple Channels to Fit with Strategy and Environment
Kabadayi, S., Eyuboglu, N., & Thomas, G. P. (2007) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.71.4.195 · Cited by 175
The SERPVAL scale: a multi-item instrument for measuring service personal values
Lages, L. F., & Fernandes, J. C. (2004) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2004.10.001 · Cited by 174
Reliance upon informants in the venture capital industry
Fiet, J. O. (1995) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/0883-9026(94)00039-w · Cited by 170
Lau, K. C., & Phau, I. (2007) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20167 · Cited by 169
Molloy, J. C., Chadwick, C., Ployhart, R. E., & Golden, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310394185 · Cited by 168
A SCALE OF CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT
Vivek, S. D. (2009) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections · Cited by 165
Oczkowski, E., & Farrell, M. A. (1998) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/s0167-8116(98)00007-x · Cited by 161
Product involvement: an application in clothing
Michaelidou, N., & Dibb, S. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.192 · Cited by 160
An Inductive Model of Industrial Supplier Choice Processes
Vyas, N. M., & Woodside, A. G. (1984) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298404800103 · Cited by 160
Effective Employee Engagement and Organizational Success: A Case Study
Kaliannan, M., & Adjovu, S. N. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.350 · Cited by 158
The consumer’s reaction to delays in service
Casado‐Díaz, A. B., & Ruiz, F. M. (2002) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230210425331 · Cited by 158
Survey measures of first‐ and second‐order competences
Danneels, E. (2015) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2428 · Cited by 157
Tourism Ethnocentrism and Its Effects on Tourist and Resident Behavior
Köck, F., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., Karpen, I. O., & Farrelly, F. J. (2018) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287518755504 · Cited by 157
Who to trust? Applying trust to social commerce.
Sharma, S., Menard, P., & Mutchler, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2017.1289356 · Cited by 156
Understanding local food shopping: Unpacking the ethical dimension
Megicks, P., Memery, J., & Angell, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2012.658838 · Cited by 154
An empirical investigation of a modified technology acceptance model of IPTV
Shin, D. (2009) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290701814232 · Cited by 153
RETRACTED: Modeling the Interaction of Users and Mobile Payment System: Conceptual Framework
Shin, D. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2010.502098 · Cited by 152
RetractedKim, D., Lee, C., & Sirgy, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2015.1024914 · Cited by 151
Measurement Errors in the Behavioral Sciences: The Case of Personality/Attitude Research
Buckley, M. R., Cote, J. A., & Comstock, S. M. (1990) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164490503001 · Cited by 147
Gupta, P. B., Gould, S. J., & Pola, B. (2004) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-004-0991-1 · Cited by 146
Narrative online advertising: identification and its effects on attitude toward a product
Ching, R. K. H., Tong, P., Chen, J., & Chen, H. (2013) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-04-2012-0077 · Cited by 145
Lilienfeld, S. O., Sauvigné, K. C., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., Latzman, R. D., & Waldman, I. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01100 · Cited by 144
A Cross-Category Analysis of Category Structure and Promotional Activity for Grocery Products
Fader, P. S., & Lodish, L. M. (1990) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299005400405 · Cited by 144
Customer satisfaction and service quality in UK financial services
Maddern, H., Maull, R., Smart, A., & Baker, P. (2007) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443570710775838 · Cited by 142
Untangling the Intuition Mess: Intuition as a Construct in Entrepreneurship Research
Mitchell, J., Friga, P. N., & Mitchell, R. K. (2005) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00102.x · Cited by 141
Intellectual Capital and Value Creation: Evidence from the Por-tuguese Banking Industry
Cabrita, M. D. R., & Vaz, J. L. D. (2005) · Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management · Cited by 138
Bech‐Larsen, T., & Nielsen, N. A. (1999) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(99)00011-2 · Cited by 138
Nasip, S., Amirul, S. R., Sondoh, S. L., & Tanakinjal, G. H. (2017) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-10-2015-0092 · Cited by 137
Ortega, B. H., Martínez, J. J., & Martín, M. J. (2008) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2007.11.002 · Cited by 136
Smart shopping: conceptualization and measurement
Atkins, K. G., & Kim, Y. (2012) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590551211222349 · Cited by 135
Cote, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (1988) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209137 · Cited by 135
Four Subtle Sins in Scale Development: Some Suggestions for Strengthening the Current Paradigm
Flynn, L. R., & Pearcy, D. H. (2001) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/147078530104300404 · Cited by 135
Modeling country image effects through an international crisis
Heslop, L. A., Lu, I. R. R., & Cray, D. (2008) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/02651330810887440 · Cited by 134
Choosing Teaching Profession as a Career: Students’ Reasons
Balyer, A., & Özcan, K. (2014) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v7n5p104 · Cited by 134
Psychometric assessment of a reduced version of INDSALES
Comer, J. M., Machleit, K. A., & Lagace, R. R. (1989) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(89)90023-4 · Cited by 133
Xie, J., Song, M., & Stringfellow, A. (2003) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/1540-5885.2003005 · Cited by 132
Food as Ideology: Measurement and Validation of Locavorism
Reich, B. J., Beck, J. T., & Price, J. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy027 · Cited by 130
Measuring effectiveness of customer relationship management in Indian retail banks
Padmavathy, C., Balaji, M. S., & Sivakumar, V. J. (2012) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652321211236888 · Cited by 129
Gabrielsson, P., Gabrielsson, M., & Seppälä, T. (2012) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.11.0068 · Cited by 128
Measuring brand equity for logistics services
Davis, D. F., Golicic, S. L., & Marquardt, A. J. (2009) · The International Journal of Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/09574090910981297 · Cited by 126
Measuring Export Information Use
Diamantopoulos, A., & Souchon, A. L. (1999) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(98)00099-x · Cited by 126
“He just didn’t seem to understand the banter”: Bullying or simply establishing social cohesion?
Alexander, M., MacLaren, A., O’Gorman, K. D., & Taheri, B. (2011) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.11.001 · Cited by 126
Salesperson navigation: The intraorganizational dimension of the sales role
Plouffe, C. R., & Barclay, D. W. (2006) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2006.02.002 · Cited by 126
Developing A Framework for EthicallyQuestionable Behavior in Consumption
Fukukawa, K. (2002) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1021354323586 · Cited by 125
Innovativités hédoniste et sociale: proposition d'une échelle de mesure
Roehrich, G. (1994) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/076737019400900202 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Peter, J. P.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peter, J. Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1981-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004135211
- Cited by
- 1,189
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 13.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cognitive and psychological constructs research
- Keywords
- construct validity, construct validation, market analysis, measurement validity, operational challenges
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.