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Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Abstract
A survey of 348 residents of southwestern New Jersey showed that most believed that several of a list of 10 conspiracy theories were at least probably true. People who believed in one conspiracy were more likely to also believe in others. Belief in conspiracies was correlated with anomia, lack of interpersonal trust, and insecurity about employment. Black and hispanic respondents were more likely to believe in conspiracy theories than were white respondents. Young people were slightly more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, but there were few significant correlations with gender, educational level, or occupational category.
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In the citing paper
“Research has linked beliefs in conspiracy theories with low levels of trust [8], [33].”
From The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Psychologists are learning more about the traits and characteristics associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories more generally, such as mistrust, anomie, political cynicism and Machiavellianism [8], [20], [31], [50]”
From The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“People who endorse one conspiracy are known to be likely to also endorse multiple others”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [44]
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PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN STUDENTS DURING SELF-ISOLATION DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Спасовски, О., & Кениг, Н. (1970) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.20.4.427-447 · Cited by 7
“Searching for an answer, many authors have investigated some possible beneficial aspects of conspiracy beliefs (for detailed review see: Bale 2007; Goertzel 1994; Leman 2007; van Prooijen, 2018).”
BackgroundTella, R. D., & Rotemberg, J. J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2887389 · Cited by 5
“Conspiratorial beliefs have also been linked to being a member of a disadvantaged group (Abalkina-Paap, et al., 1999 and Goertzel, 1994), and associated with the rejection of scientific findings (e.g., Lewandowsky, et al., 2013).”
[Conspiracy narratives in the context of the coronavirus pandemic].
Lamberty, P., & Imhoff, R. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1007/s00278-021-00498-2 · Cited by 4
Do Political Endorsements Affect Support for Conspiracy Theories?
Turgeon, M., & Freire, A. (2024) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13480 · Cited by 5
Wunderlich, P. (2025) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.70001 · Cited by 4
Piliousis, A., Malinaki, E., Tetou, L., & Gardikiotis, A. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70136 · Cited by 4
Conspiracy theories through the lens of collective memory
Wagoner, B., Jørgensen, M. S., & Pahuus, K. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102227 · Cited by 4
Investigating conspiracy theories in the light of narrative persuasion
Adornetti, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288125 · Cited by 4
“Existential motives relate to compensatory satisfactions: people may be drawn to CTs when they feel unable to exert control over their environment (Goertzel, 1994; van Prooijen and Acker, 2015).”
BackgroundConspiracy beliefs and perceptual inference in times of political uncertainty
Leclercq, S., Szaffarczyk, S., Leptourgos, P., Yger, P., Fakhri, A., Wathelet, M., Bouttier, V., Denève, S., & Jardri, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59434-4 · Cited by 4
Li, N., Zeng, W., Yin, S., & Zhao, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1557786 · Cited by 4
“…the public is more susceptible to media messages due to their limited cognitive abilities, and conspiracy narratives are more likely to cause panic and anxiety among the public due to the inclusion of strong emotional appeals and attributional inferences (40, 42), thus exacerbating risk perception.”
A logic for biassed information diffusion by paranoid agents in social networks
Prandi, L., & Primiero, G. (2022) · Journal of Logic and Computation · doi:10.1093/logcom/exac020 · Cited by 4
Liu, H., Meng-Lewis, Y., & Liu, W. (2024) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-06-2023-0622 · Cited by 4
Küçükaydın, M. A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06975-6 · Cited by 5
“As we mentioned before, conspiracy belief in one domain can trigger conspiracy belief in another domain (Goertzel, 1994).”
The social psychology of conspiracy theories: Key insights and future challenges
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2025) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2024.10.004 · Cited by 6
Pummerer, L., Gkinopoulos, T., Douglas, K. M., Jolley, D., & Sassenberg, K. (2024) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2024.2442906 · Cited by 8
“Conspiracy theories are defined as explanations for significant events and circumstances as outcomes of secret actions by powerful individuals or groups who aim to suit their interests at the expense of others (e.g., Goertzel, 1994).”
Lin, F., Meng, X., & Zhi, P. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04774-3 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, though not necessarily addressing the government, the actors of conspiracy theories usually refer to powerful persons or groups (Douglas et al. 2019; Goertzel 1994).”
Exploring expert figures in alien-related UFO conspiracy theories
Lipińska, M., Kotula, N., & Jemielniak, D. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04799-8 · Cited by 6
“The multifaceted nature of conspiracy theory belief is under-scored by a constellation of psychological, cognitive, social, and political factors (Douglas et al. 2017; Dyrendal et al. 2021; Goertzel 1994; Schuster et al. 2023; van Prooijen and van Vugt, 2018).”
Diana Was Not Involved in the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks!
Wagner‐Egger, P., & Gygax, P. M. (2017) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000203 · Cited by 4
“…of their increasing diffusion on the Internet and because they are linked to a general and harmful distrust of authorities, be they political (e.g., Goertzel, 1994), medical (e.g., Herek & Capitanio, 1994; Jolley & Douglas, 2014a; Wagner-Egger et al., 2011), or scientific (e.g., Jolley & Douglas,…”
BackgroundReasoning ability predicts irrational worldview but not conspiracy belief.
Jastrzębski, J., & Chuderski, A. (2017) · Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) · Cited by 4
Beggan, J. K. (2021) · Heroism Science An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.26736/hs.2021.02.02 · Cited by 4
“On the other hand, scholars have suggested that the desire for control motivates a belief in conspiracy theories or the endorsement of paranoid beliefs (Goertzel, 1994; Oliver & Wood, 2014).”
BackgroundHave Faith and Question Everything: Understanding QAnon's Allure
Munn, L. (2022) · Platform Journal of Media and Communication · doi:10.46580/p67734 · Cited by 4
Towards a model that measures the impact of disinformation on elections
Syrovátka, J., Hořejš, N., & Komasová, S. (2023) · European View · doi:10.1177/17816858231162677 · Cited by 6
“This finding is consistent with the monological belief system thesis, which suggests that people who start to believe in one conspiracy theory are significantly more likely to endorse more of them over time (Goertzel 1994).”
ResultKweon, Y., & Choi, B. (2023) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.12808 · Cited by 5
Do stress and anxiety lead to belief in conspiracy theories?
Fox, N., & Williams, M. N. (2023) · Routledge Open Research · doi:10.12688/routledgeopenres.17925.1 · Cited by 4
Testing the underlying structure of unfounded beliefs about COVID-19 around the world
Brzóska, P., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Nowak, B., Jonason, P., Sedikides, C., Adamovic, M., Atitsogbe, K. A., Ahmed, O., Azam, U., et al. (2023) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2023.2259539 · Cited by 4
“We focus on two forms of unfounded beliefs, conspiracy (Goertzel, 1994) and (non-conspiracy) health beliefs (Swire-Thompson & Lazer, 2020).”
BackgroundConspiratorial Thinking among Russian Speakers in Estonia: From COVID-19 to the War in Ukraine
Astapova, A. (2023) · Journal of American Folklore · doi:10.5406/15351882.136.542.01 · Cited by 3
“Various scholarly terms and concepts have emerged in response to this phenomenon, such as conspiracy belief system (Goertzel 1994), conspiracy mind-set (Bruder et al. 2013), conspiratorial predispositions (Uscinski, Klofstad, and Atkin-son 2016), conspiracy thinking (Walter and Drochon 2020), and…”
BackgroundLantian, A., & Rose, M. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13003 · Cited by 4
Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories and Online News Consumption during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
Jin, S., Pradel, F., Zilinsky, J., & Theocharis, Y. (2024) · Journal of Quantitative Description Digital Media · doi:10.51685/jqd.2024.008 · Cited by 5
“Although it has often been observed that younger people are more susceptible to endorsing CTs (Galliford and Furnham 2017; Goertzel 1994; Stempel et al. 2007; Roozenbeek et al. 2020), it would be premature to generalize this to all societies, especially when the sharing behavior and experience with…”
BackgroundExploring Conspiracist Populism in Power: The Case of Kais Saied in Tunisia
Annovi, C. (2024) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy8020043 · Cited by 4
“In this sense, the understanding of politics might work as a monological belief system— intended as a coherent narrative enriched and reinforced by a sum of individual beliefs—as much as political ideologies do (Goertzel 1994; Castanho Silva et al. 2017).”
BackgroundConspiratorial thinking in the workplace: how it happens and why it matters
Tam, L., Lee, H., & Kim, J. (2024) · Journal of Communication Management · doi:10.1108/jcom-12-2023-0139 · Cited by 6
On the Epistemic Acceptability of Conspiracy Theories
Räikkä, J. (2014) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04633-4_5 · Cited by 4
Haltinner, K., & Sarathchandra, D. (2020) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12394 · Cited by 4
Belief in Conspiracy Theories About covid-19 Amongst Venezuelan Students: A Pilot Study
Andrade, G. E. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.15446/rcp.v30n1.87357 · Cited by 4
“Another commonly discussed predictive factor in the belief of conspiracy theories is the tendency to believe other conspiracy theories (Goertzel, 1994).”
BackgroundWitte, H. D., Roll, L. C., & Hootegem, A. V. (2021) · Gedrag & Organisatie · doi:10.5117/go2021.3.005.witt · Cited by 4
Matsunaga, L. H., Pereira, J. J. D. S., de Oliveira, A. N., & Pedra, A. C. (2019) · Psicologia Revista · doi:10.23925/2594-3871.2019v28i2p253-271 · Cited by 4
The Dizziness of Freedom: Understanding and Responding to Vaccine Anxieties
Benbow, D. I. (2021) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2021.81 · Cited by 4
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0015 · Cited by 4
Explanatory Virtues and Belief in Conspiracy TheoriesPreprint
Mirabile, P., & Horne, Z. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5cu2g · Cited by 4
Rizeq, J. (2020) · YorkSpace (York University) · Cited by 4
Belief in conspiracy theories, aggression, and attitudes towards political violencePreprint
Vegetti, F., & Littvay, L. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xwyjq · Cited by 1
Nera, K., Wagner‐Egger, P., Bertin, P., Douglas, K. M., & Klein, O. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s37vy · Cited by 4
Conspiracy Theories: A Cultural Evolution Theory approachPreprint
Stubbersfield, J. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/hqkju · Cited by 4
Meuer, M., & Imhoff, R. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.31234/osf.io/74ugt · Cited by 6
Conspiracy Worldviews and Political Violence: The Mediating Role of Satisfaction With DemocracyPreprint
Bonetto, É., Adam‐Troian, J., & Arciszewski, T. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e83nx · Cited by 4
Ma, D., & Lu, M. (2024) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edae006 · Cited by 4
Comprendre le complotisme. Hétérogénéité des formes idéales-typiques de l’expérience complotiste
Némeau, C. (2024) · Déviance et Société · doi:10.3917/ds.483.0039 · Cited by 3
Dilling, M., Sorrentino, A., Brähler, E., Fegert, J. M., & Decker, O. (2025) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.70009 · Cited by 3
Kiszkiel, Ł., Sowa, P., Laskowski, P. P., Alimowski, M., Moniuszko-Malinowska, A., Szczerbiński, Ł., Sołomacha, S., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Samochowiec, J., Solmi, M., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99991-w · Cited by 3
“Economic hardship has been associated with a greater inclination to adopt conspiratorial explanations for socio-political crises 26 .”
Losers’ Conspiracy: Elections and Conspiracism
Miller, J. M., Farhart, C. E., & Saunders, K. L. (2025) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-025-10063-1 · Cited by 3
“One approach to measuring conspiracism is to take conspiracy theory endorsement as a monological system where belief in one conspiracy theory is positively related to belief in others (Goertzel 1994; Miller 2020a; Swami et al. 2011; Wood et al. 2012).”
The psychology of conspiracy mentality
Imhoff, R. (2025) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2025.10.002 · Cited by 3
Williams, M., Marques, M. D., Ling, M., Hill, S. R., Kerr, J. R., Clarke, E., Martin, A., & Ross, R. M. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.260163 · Cited by 2
Towards Dialogical Models of Radicalization and de-Radicalization
Oleś, P. (2020) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2019.1676337 · Cited by 4
“Both have to do with social differences and a sense of exclusion (Thorisdottir & Jost, 2011) or membership of a minority (Goertzel, 1994; Stemple, Hargrove, & Stemple, 2007).”
BackgroundDiéguez, S., & Wagner‐Egger, P. (2021) · Hermann eBooks · doi:10.3917/herm.baech.2021.02.0323 · Cited by 4
Factors affecting the independence and reliability of Science and how these are perceived
Florides, G. A., & Christodoulides, P. (2023) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-023-00628-4 · Cited by 3
“Goertzel (1994) correlated the belief in conspiracies with anomia, lack of interpersonal trust, and insecurity about employment.”
BackgroundMurray, S. L., Xia, J., Lamarche, V. M., Seery, M. D., McNulty, J. K., Griffin, D. W., Ward, D. E., Jung, H. Y., Hicks, L. L., & Dubois, D. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100111 · Cited by 3
Literacy in a post-truth world
Kolinksy, R., Arnal, C., Bouali, H., Justino, J., Tossonian, M., Rautu, I.-S., Morais, J., Pantazi, M., & Klein, O. (2022) · Signo · doi:10.17058/signo.v47i90.17870 · Cited by 3
Zhao, S., Zhou, J., & Wang, T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294681 · Cited by 3
Allington, D., Hirsh, D., & Katz, L. (2023) · Contemporary Jewry · doi:10.1007/s12397-023-09518-6 · Cited by 3
“…wholly explicable by reference to heightened levels of conspiracy belief among members of minority groups (which have previously been found by Goertzel 1994; Uscinski and Parent 2014, pp. 83–84; and Freeman and Bentall 2017), because it was generally found to survive controls for various…”
Verschwörungstheorien im digitalen Raum
Imhoff, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66608-1_16 · Cited by 4
What To Do About Conspiracy Theories?
Drążkiewicz, E., & Harambam, J. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781032647463 · Cited by 3
Isolated But Not Necessarily Lonely
Galgali, M. S., Helm, P. J., & Arndt, J. (2024) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000420 · Cited by 4
Conspiracy mentality in autistic and non-autistic individuals
Roels, S. P., Begeer, S., Scheeren, A. M., & van Prooijen, J. (2024) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2024.2399505 · Cited by 3
“One common fi nding in conspiracy theory research is that belief in one conspiracy theory strongly predicts belief in another, conceptually unrelated conspiracy theory (Williams, Marques, Hill, Kerr, & Ling, 2022; see also Abalakina-Paap, Stephan, Craig, & Gregory, 1999; Goertzel, 1994).”
Villamarín, A. T., Reche, A. R., & Albero, C. T. (2024) · Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas · doi:10.5477/cis/reis.188.145-164 · Cited by 3
Conspiracies and visions of conspiracies in France and Italy after the Second World War
Girard, P. (2008) · European Review of History Revue européenne d histoire · doi:10.1080/13507480802500707 · Cited by 3
de Melo, L. W. S., Passos, M. M., & Salvi, R. F. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências · doi:10.28976/1984-2686rbpec2020u295313 · Cited by 3
“However, differently from what we might expect, these conspiracists, instead of giving up the controversy, or adhering to scientific propositions, as noted by Latour (2011), have been steadfast in supporting them, even if they lack discursive power in the face of the expressive power of Science and are ridiculed by th…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFountoulakis, K. Ν. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86541-2_25 · Cited by 3
Conspiracy Theory Belief and Conspiratorial Thinking
Farhart, C. E. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.036 · Cited by 3
It Spreads Like a Disease – Pandemics and Conspiracy Theories
BUIKO, A., & Slipkauskaitė, J. (2022) · Filosofija Sociologija · doi:10.6001/fil-soc.v33i3.4781 · Cited by 6
“On the other hand, stressing the concerns over one’s health as the driving force for conspiracy beliefs does not perfectly square with another, a highly plausible statement that the belief in one conspiracy predicts beliefs in others (Goertzel 1994; Miller 2020; Wood et al.”
Backgroundracionalidad de las teorías conspirativas. Una aproximación desde Max Weber y Raymond Boudon
Reche, A. R., & Nefes, T. S. (2022) · Revista CENTRA de Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.54790/rccs.24 · Cited by 4
AKYOL, E., & Atlı, A. (2023) · Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi · doi:10.21076/vizyoner.1100806 · Cited by 5
Ozono, H., & Sakakibara, R. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4142 · Cited by 4
Misinformation, political preferences, and cognitive traits: a look at the Brazilian electorate
Oliveira, C. (2023) · Opinião Pública · doi:10.1590/1807-01912023292304 · Cited by 4
Origins of the “Deep State” Trope
Berg, W. (2023) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913811.2023.2305537 · Cited by 3
Sensory processing sensitivity is associated with religiosity and spirituality
Buchtova, M., Maliňáková, K., van Dijk, J. P., Hušek, V., & Tavel, P. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02738-7 · Cited by 3
Evil perceptions but not entertainment value appraisals relate to conspiracy beliefs
Harmon‐Jones, E., Szymaniak, K., Edgeworth, D., Sebban, G., & Harmon‐Jones, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1350584 · Cited by 3
It is all a conspiracy: Conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine
Myslivec, J. (2024) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.68.2.111 · Cited by 3
Yusuf, A., Ogwezzy‐Ndisika, A. O., Ibraheem, I. A., & Suraj, O. A. (2024) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.47941/jcomm.1864 · Cited by 3
“Sociological theories such as structural functionalism or conflict theory can also explain how conspiracy theories arise and are perpetuated within social structures, reflecting power dynamics and social inequalities (Goertzel, 1994).”
BackgroundNera, K., Bertin, P., Biddlestone, M., Tagand, M., & Klein, O. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104640 · Cited by 4
Alper, S., Konukoğlu, K., Atalay, E. D., Düzgün, A., & Yılmaz, O. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112765 · Cited by 4
Alper, S., Elcil, T., Karaca, N., Bayrak, F., & Yilmaz, O. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07654-w · Cited by 2
“Goertzel ( 1994) introduced the notion of a “monological belief system” and argued that endorsing a particular conspiracy belief invariably bolsters the propensity to believe in others, even when these beliefs lack logical coherence (Wood et al., 2012).”
Frieswijk, K., Zino, L., Morse, A. S., & Cao, M. (2025) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/j.physd.2025.134648 · Cited by 5
Leveraging Motivations to Curb Misinformation
Saucier, C. J., Calabrese, C., & Walter, N. (2025) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000481 · Cited by 3
Dijkstra, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740888 · Cited by 3
“Indeed, endorsement of conspiracy theories is related to interpersonal distrust (Goertzel, 1994).”
BackgroundSocial capital in the social democratic welfare state
Rothstein, B. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490323.004 · Cited by 4
Policing the pandemic in Australia and New Zealand: lessons for trust and legitimacy
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“More often than never such “arguments” are embedded in conspiracy narratives, i.e., assumptions about incidents happening in the world being steered by malevolent groups trying to reap benefits (Goertzel, 1994).”
BackgroundPorshnev, A., & Miltsov, A. (2020) · Interacción · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49570-1_21 · Cited by 4
Ančić, B., & Cepić, D. (2021) · Sociologija i prostor · doi:10.5673/sip.59.0.7 · Cited by 5
“; Goerztzel 1994.”
Trust Nobody: How Voters React To Conspiracy TheoriesPreprint
Invernizzi, G. M., & Mohamed, A. E. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/2et3d_v1 · Cited by 3
Social Media Surveillance and (Dis)Misinformation in the COVID ‐19 Pandemic
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Curious about threats: Morbid curiosity and interest in conspiracy theoriesPreprint
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Paranormalism, Voting Intention, and Other Conspiracy Mentality Predictors in Sweden
Tidelius, C. (2024) · Temenos - Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion · doi:10.33356/temenos.144628 · Cited by 2
Ćirović, N., & Pedović, I. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2465830 · Cited by 2
“Goertzel (1994) was perhaps the first to find a common dimension underlying different conspiracy theories through factor analysis of their intercorrelations, assuming this tendency as a type of “monological belief system” (p. 740).”
Hartz, C., Deutsch, F., Boehnke, K., Klicperová‐Baker, M., Brezina, I., Šrol, J., Čavojová, V., Jakab, Z., Przybylski, W., Maftean, M. R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe · doi:10.1080/25739638.2025.2511093 · Cited by 2
“In other words, conspiracy beliefs are explanatory beliefs that involve individuals working together secretly to achieve harmful objectives (Goertzel, 1994).”
InfluentialAdornetti, I., Altavilla, D., Chiera, A., Deriu, V., Gerna, A., Picca, L., & Ferretti, F. (2025) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-025-01282-9 · Cited by 2
“These expressions refer to the idea that people who already believe in certain CTs are likely to believe in others (Goertzel 1994 ; Swami et al. 2010 ), even unrelated ones (Wood et al. 2012 ; Miani et al. 2022 ).”
Pärnamets, P., Alfano, M., Ross, R. M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2026) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2026.10033 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Goertzel, T.
- Corresponding author
- Goertzel, Ted
- ORCID
- Goertzel, Ted
- Venue
- Political Psychology
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1994-12
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 731
- ISSN
- 0162-895X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2315116440
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, conspiracy beliefs, anomie, interpersonal trust, job insecurity, racial differences, age differences
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