Association between change in A1C and use of professional continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes on noninsulin therapies: a real-world evidence study
Open accessAbstract
This retrospective analysis examined the association between change in A1C and professional continuous glucose monitoring (p-CGM) use in patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control who were not using insulin. Data from 15,481 eligible patients (p-CGM users n = 707 and p-CGM nonusers n = 14,774) showed a greater decrease in A1C from baseline to the end of follow-up for p-CGM users, and differences favored p-CGM users regardless of whether they started insulin therapy during the follow-up period. These findings suggest that people with type 2 diabetes who have poor glycemic control using multiple noninsulin therapies may benefit from p-CGM, which can reduce A1C over a 6-month period compared with usual care.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a real-world study, professional CGM in individuals with type 2 diabetes not on insulin at baseline and at 6 months resulted in lower A1C at 6 months and a shift toward greater use of glucose-lowering medications with cardiometabolic benefits.
“Furthermore, in a real-world study, the use of professional CGM in individuals with type 2 diabetes not on insulin at baseline and at 6 months of followup resulted in lower A1C at 6 months as well as a shift toward greater use of glucose-lowering medications with cardiometabolic benefits, such as sodiumglucose transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (113).”
From 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [113]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes
Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806470 · Cited by 7,751 · see citing works
Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138 · see citing works
9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s009 · Cited by 1,555 · see citing works
Ismail-Beigi, F., Craven, T., Banerji, M. A., Basile, J., Calles, J., Cohen, R. M., Cuddihy, R., Cushman, W. C., Genuth, S., Grimm, R. H., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60576-4 · Cited by 1,428 · cited 1× · see citing works
“or prevent microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications (8,10,38).”
Background6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s006 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
Hayward, R. A., Reaven, P. D., Wiitala, W. L., Bahn, G. D., Reda, D. J., Ge, L., McCarren, M., Duckworth, W. C., & Emanuele, N. V. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414266 · Cited by 668 · cited 1× · see citing works
“or prevent microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications (8,10,38).”
BackgroundClinical Inertia in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Khunti, K. K., Wolden, M. L., Thorsted, B. L., Andersen, M., & Davies, M. J. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0331 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Miller, K. M., Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., Goland, R. S., Haller, M. J., McGill, J. B., Rodriguez, H., Simmons, J. H., Hirsch, I. B., & for the T1D Exchange Clinic Network (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1770 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
7. Diabetes Technology: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s007 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Ziegler, R., Heidtmann, B., Hilgard, D., Hofer, S., Rosenbauer, J., Holl, R., & DPV-Wiss-Initiative, F. T. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00650.x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Quality of Care of People With Type 2 Diabetes in Eight European Countries
Stone, M. A., Charpentier, G., Doggen, K., Kuß, O., Lindblad, U., Kellner, C., Nolan, J. J., Pazderska, A., Rutten, G. E. H. M., Trento, M., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1759 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Fonseca, V. A., Grunberger, G., Anhalt, H., Bailey, T. S., Blevins, T., Garg, S. K., Handelsman, Y., Hirsch, I. B., Orzeck, E. A., Roberts, V. L., et al. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161392.cs · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Young, L. A., Buse, J. B., Weaver, M. A., Vu, M. B., Mitchell, C. M., Blakeney, T., Grimm, K., Rees, J., Niblock, F., Donahue, K. E., et al. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1233 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Khunti, K., Damcı, T., Meneghini, L., Pan, C., Yale, J., & on behalf of the SOLVE Study Group (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01602.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mannucci, E., Antenore, A., Giorgino, F., & Scavini, M. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296817719290 · Cited by 90 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(24), the use of structured SMBG regimens with clearly defined timing and frequency of glucose measurements resulted in improved glycemic control compared with unstructured SMBG or no SMBG.”
BackgroundPrice, D. A., Deng, Q., Kipnes, M., & Beck, S. E. (2021) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-021-01086-y · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A clinically meaningful 10% increase in average TIR within the first week of use suggested that patients were able to make lifestyle changes based on real-time p-CGM data (36).”
BackgroundMata‐Cases, M., Franch‐Nadal, J., Real, J., Gratacòs, M., López‐Simarro, F., Khunti, K., & Mauricio, D. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13045 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5% and may reflect HCP and/or patient inertia regarding initiating insulin therapy (12,14,15).”
BackgroundTreatment intensification for patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control
Fu, A. Z., & Sheehan, J. J. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12683 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5% and may reflect HCP and/or patient inertia regarding initiating insulin therapy (12,14,15).”
BackgroundPoint: Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetic Patients not Receiving Insulin
Ipp, E., Aquino, R. L., & Christenson, P. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1528 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Meneghini, L., Mauricio, D., Orsi, E., Lalic, N. M., Cali, A. M. G., Westerbacka, J., Stella, P., Candelas, D. C., Pilorget, V., Perfetti, R., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13673 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sherrill, C. H., Houpt, C. T., Dixon, E. M., & Richter, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.5.600 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sierra, J. A., Shah, M., Gill, M. S., Flores, Z., Chawla, H., Kaufman, F. R., & Vigersky, R. (2018) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2017.1390474 · Cited by 38 · cited 4× · see citing works
“These findings align with other studies demonstrating a significant reduction in A1C values for p-CGM users with type 2 diabetes compared with control subjects (32,34,35).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEffect of Professional CGM (pCGM) on Glucose Management in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Primary Care
Simonson, G. D., Bergenstal, R. M., Johnson, M. L., Davidson, J. L., & Martens, T. W. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296821998724 · Cited by 37 · cited 4× · see citing works
“A quality improvement project in a team-based primary care setting evaluated care models using 2 weeks of blinded p-CGM, followed by an HCP visit that included shared decision-making regarding lifestyle and medication modifications (35).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPatients who self-monitor blood glucose and their unused testing results.
Grant, R. W., Huang, E. S., Wexler, D. J., Laiteerapong, N., Warton, E. M., Moffet, H. H., & Karter, A. J. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Continuous glucose monitoring: transforming diabetes management step by step
Bergenstal, R. M. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30290-3 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“HCPs use p-CGM as a tool for identifying glycemic patterns to make informed decisions about patients’ treatment regimens and lifestyle modifications (29).”
MethodPersonal Versus Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring: When to Use Which on Whom
Longo, R. R., & Sperling, S. B. (2019) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds18-0093 · Cited by 30 · cited 4× · see citing works
“These findings align with other studies demonstrating a significant reduction in A1C values for p-CGM users with type 2 diabetes compared with control subjects (32,34,35).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUlrich, H., & Bowen, M. M. (2021) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.013 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kostev, K., Dippel, F. W., & Rathmann, W. (2015) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s76855 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Time to Insulin Initiation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in 2010/2011 and 2016/2017 in Germany
Kostev, K., Gölz, S., Scholz, B.-M., Kaiser, M., & Pscherer, S. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819835196 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5% and may reflect HCP and/or patient inertia regarding initiating insulin therapy (12,14,15).”
BackgroundPrice, D. A., & Walker, T. C. (2016) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2016.12.01.24 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other limitations to using SMBG are that it only provides a static point-in-time glucose value, it requires frequent painful fingersticks, and insurance coverage for test strips is limited for most people who do not take insulin (26).”
BackgroundCanivell, S., Mata‐Cases, M., Real, J., Franch‐Nadal, J., Vlacho, B., Khunti, K. K., Gratacòs, M., & Mauricio, D. (2019) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13663 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pantalone, K. M., Misra‐Hebert, A. D., Hobbs, T. M., Ji, X., Kong, S. X., Milinovich, A., Weng, W., Bauman, J. M., Ganguly, R., Burguera, B. G., et al. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13900 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Type 2 Diabetes: How Does It Compare with Type 1 Diabetes?
Beck, R. W., & Bergenstal, R. M. (2022) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0374 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, noninsulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes may not have insurance coverage for personal CGM use, and there are no established treatment guidelines for personal CGM use in this population (30).”
BackgroundUse of Continuous Glucose Monitoring as an Educational Tool in the Primary Care Setting
de Oliveira, A. O. T., Bartholomew, K., Lavin-Tompkins, J. M., & Sperl‐Hillen, J. M. (2013) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.26.2.120 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s007 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
Bajaj, M. S., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Early, K. B., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s007 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Chagas, G. C. L., Teixeira, L., Clemente, M. R. C., Chagas, R. C. L., Pestana, D. V. S., Sombra, L. R. S., Lima, B. B., Galindo, R. J., & Abreu, M. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111986 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Allaire, J. C., Dennis, C., Masturzo, A., & Wittlin, S. D. (2024) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/58832 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Clinical Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Noninsulin Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Aleppo, G., Carlson, A. L., McGill, J. B., Alshannaq, H. A., Galindo, R. J., Kruger, D. F., Levy, C. J., Matuoka, J. Y., Ilham, S., Umpierrez, G. E., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251414980 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationNemlekar, P. M., Hannah, K. L., Green, C. R., & Norman, G. J. (2025) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70089 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHernandez‐Calderon, A., Gonzalvo, J. D., Triboletti, J. S., Walroth, T. A., Lewis, S. P., & Pence, L. M. (2025) · JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY · doi:10.1002/jac5.70007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sobczak, C., Oser, S. M., Warman, M., Daffron, A., Buss, D., Wettergreen, S. A., Oser, T. K., Parascando, J. A., & Jortberg, B. T. (2025) · ADCES in Practice · doi:10.1177/2633559x251328956
McClelland, M., MacDonald, D. A., Garver, K., & Pattyn, N. R. (2025) · Quality Management in Health Care · doi:10.1097/qmh.0000000000000531
Kesavadev, J., Agrawal, J., Shankar, A., & Saboo, B. (2026) · International Journal of Diabetes and Technology · doi:10.4103/ijdt.ijdt_1_26
- Authors
- Nemlekar, P. M., Hannah, K. L., & Norman, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Dexcom (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Norman, Gregory J.
- Venue
- Clinical Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2023-01-24
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 359-366
- ISSN
- 0891-8929 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-4953
- PMC
- PMC10338284
- OpenAlex
- W4317892277
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, insulin therapy, real-world evidence, diabetes management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
