Effects of Structured Versus Unstructured Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose on Glucose Control in Patients With Non-insulin-treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Open accessAbstract
Background: The use of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes is debated. Meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) suggest a small reduction of HbA1c in patients using SMBG, without considering potential confounders, such as SMBG regimen and use of SMBG data to adjust diabetes medications. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed including RCTs in patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, with an intervention of ≥24 weeks and HbA1c as the primary endpoint, to verify the effect of SMBG (vs no monitoring), structured SMBG (vs unstructured), and of SMBG-driven therapy adjustments. Results: In RCTs (n = 8) comparing SMBG with no SMBG (1277 and 1072 patients, respectively), SMBG reduced HbA1c by −0.17% (95% CI −0.25 to −0.09%, P < .003). The reduction in HbA1c was greater in RCTs (n = 3) in which SMBG data were used to adjust diabetes medications (HbA1c decrease: −0.3% [95% CI −0.49 to −0.1%]) than in RCTs (n = 6) where SMBG data were not used for this purpose (HbA1c decrease: −0.1% [95% CI −0.2 to 0.0%]) ( P < .005). In the RCTs comparing structured and unstructured SMBG (757 and 750 patients, respectively), in which structured SMBG data were also used to adjust diabetes medications, the HbA1c difference between groups at study end was −0.27% (95% CI −0.49 to −0.04%, P < .018). Conclusions: In RCTs performed in non-insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes, SMBG is associated with a significant, although small, reduction in HbA1c. HbA1c reduction was greater with structured SMBG and when structured SMBG data were used to adjust diabetes therapy.
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In people not using insulin, regular blood glucose monitoring did not produce significant differences in glycemic control.
“In persons who are not using insulin, regular BGM did not result in significant differences in glycemic control.147–150”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [148]
The Abstract (p. 1) reports that, among patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, self-monitoring produced a statistically significant, though small, reduction in HbA1c compared with no monitoring (−0.17%; 95% CI −0.25 to −0.09%). That contradicts the attributed claim that monitoring produced no significant difference in glycemic control. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious reviews' inclusion criteria specified RCTs including a uSMBG comparator, thus overlooking evidence where sSMBG was compared to usual care, no SMBG, or CGM.
“However, inclusion criteria specified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including a uSMBG comparator (k=3 (29) and k=4 (30)), thus overlooking evidence where sSMBG was compared to usual care, no SMBG, or CGM.”
From The impact of structured self-monitoring of blood glucose on clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Study Selection (p. 2) says this meta-analysis included RCTs comparing SMBG with no SMBG, as well as trials comparing structured with unstructured SMBG. Retrieved Trials (p. 3) reports eight trials with a no-SMBG comparator, contrary to the claim that its criteria required an unstructured-SMBG comparator and overlooked no-SMBG evidence. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe decreases of HbA 1c in those using BGM were similar to the decreases in comparably treated people who did not use BGM.
“The decreases of HbA 1c in those using BGM were similar to the decreases in comparably treated people who did not use BGM.”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [114]
In “Trials Comparing SMBG with no SMBG” (p. 3), the paper reports a statistically significant greater reduction in HbA1c with self-monitoring than without it (−0.17 percentage points in the full dataset). The Discussion (p. 5) likewise calls the reduction small but significant, rather than similar between groups. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn people with type 2 diabetes not using insulin, routine glucose monitoring is of limited additional clinical benefit while adding burden and cost.
“In people with type 2 diabetes not using insulin, routine glucose monitoring is of limited additional clinical bene fi t while adding burden and cost (54,55).”
From Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
The Abstract (p. 1) reports a small but statistically significant HbA1c reduction with self-monitoring in people with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. The Conclusions (p. 6) say benefits are more evident with structured monitoring used to adjust treatment. The paper does not establish the claimed burden or cost, so it supports only the limited-benefit portion of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious reviews have paid little attention to the impact of sSMBG on treatment modification, behavioral outcomes, or psychosocial outcomes.
“Furthermore, previous reviews have paid little attention to the impact of sSMBG on treatment modification, behavioral outcomes (i.e. self-care) or psychosocial outcomes (e.g. self-efficacy, treatment satisfaction, well-being, quality of life) (17, 29, 31).”
From The impact of structured self-monitoring of blood glucose on clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The introduction (p. 2) says previous meta-analyses did not properly account for the SMBG regimen or the use of glucose data to adjust medications, supporting the treatment-modification portion. It does not say previous reviews paid little attention to self-care outcomes; it also notes (p. 1) that a Cochrane review assessed evidence on satisfaction, well-being, and quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Targeted use of sSMBG may be clinically- and cost-effective.
“Such targeted use of sSMBG may be both clinically- and cost-effective (21, 29, 30).”
From The impact of structured self-monitoring of blood glucose on clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The Discussion (p. 5) reports better HbA1c outcomes with structured SMBG, particularly when its data guide treatment adjustments; the Conclusions (p. 6) likewise describe benefits for glucose control in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Our copy does not assess costs or cost-effectiveness, so it supports the clinical part but not the economic part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo prior meta-analyses identified greater clinical benefit when SMBG was followed by responsive treatment modifications.
“The latter is consistent with the findings of two prior meta-analyses, which identified greater clinical benefit when SMBG was followed by responsive treatment modifications (29, 30).”
Greater improvement in HbA1c with sSMBG is particularly seen when monitoring data informed medication adjustments.
“particularly when monitoring data informed medication adjustments (29).”
Recent meta-analyses identified greater improvement in HbA1c associated with sSMBG compared to uSMBG among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.
“Recent meta-analyses (29, 30) have examined the clinical efficacy of sSMBG compared to uSMBG, among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. They identified greater improvement in HbA1c associated with sSMBG (29, 30)”
The current review identified six studies not previously incorporated in three major meta-analyses of SMBG RCTs published in the past decade.
“In comparison to three major meta-analyses of SMBG RCTs published in the past decade (17, 29, 31), the current review identified six studies not previously incorporated ( Supplementary Table S5 ).”
Meta-analyses suggest BGM can reduce A1C by 0.25-0.3% at 6 months, but the effect was attenuated at 12 months in one analysis.
“Meta-analyses have suggested that BGM can reduce A1C levels by 0.25-0.3%at 6 months (33-35), but the effect was attenuated at 12 months in one analysis (33).”
From 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In trials where structured BGM data were used to adjust medications, A1C reductions were greater (0.3%), but A1C did not change significantly without such structured therapy adjustment.
“Reductions in A1C levels were greater (À0.3%) in trials where structured BGM data were used to adjust medications, but A1C levels were not changed significantly without such structured diabetes therapy adjustment (35).”
From 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
Structured SMBG reduces hypoglycemia in people with diabetes.
“Structured SMBG can follow different monitoring patterns, and it results in improved glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and a better quality of life of people with diabetes.”
From Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) improves glycemic control in people with diabetes.
“Structured SMBG can follow different monitoring patterns, and it results in improved glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and a better quality of life of people with diabetes.”
From Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Structured SMBG improves quality of life in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
“Structured SMBG can follow different monitoring patterns, and it results in improved glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and a better quality of life of people with diabetes.”
From Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Reminders for scheduled BG measurements or medication intake can facilitate treatment adherence, which increases the benefit of SMBG in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and subsequently counteracts existing clinical inertia.
“Reminders for scheduled BG measurements or medication intake can facilitate treatment adherence, which increases the benefit of SMBG in people with T2DM and subsequently counteracts existing clinical inertia [4, 5, 33, 34].”
From Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Also, despite the non-significant effects of SMBG in the previous non-insulin–treated patient studies, there have been several studies that revealed the effect of structured SMBG among those patients.(34,35) Therefore, our results may pave the way for re-evaluating the usefulness of SMBG in non-insulin–treated T2D pat…”
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“Reminders for scheduled BG measurements or medication intake can facilitate treatment adherence, which increases the benefit of SMBG in people with T2DM and subsequently counteracts existing clinical inertia [4, 5, 33, 34].”
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“3 percentage points) in trials where structured SMBG data were used to adjust medications than in trials without such adjustment, where changes were not significant (14).”
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Kang, S., Kang, S. M., Choi, J. H., Ko, S., Koo, B. K., Kwon, H.-S., Kim, M. K., Kim, S. Y., Kim, S., Kim, Y., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0469 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sampling of fluid through skin with magnetohydrodynamics for noninvasive glucose monitoring
Hakala, T. A., Pérez, A. G., Wardale, M., Ruuth, I. A., Vänskä, R. T., Nurminen, T. A., Kemp, E., Boeva, Z. A., Alakoskela, J.-M. I., Pettersson-Fernholm, K., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86931-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Systematic review of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes
Chircop, J., Sheffield, D., & Kotera, Y. (2021) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000542 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This review is presented according to the statement for preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA; Moher et al., 2015).”
MethodSia, H.-K., Kor, C.-T., Tu, S.-T., Liao, P.-Y., & Wang, J.-Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81024-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Mannucci, E., Candido, R., Monache, L. D., Gallo, M., Giaccari, A., Masini, M. L., Mazzone, A., Medea, G., Pintaudi, B., Targher, G., et al. (2022) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-022-01857-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationMolfetta, S. D., Caruso, I., Cignarelli, A., Natalicchio, A., Perrini, S., Laviola, L., & Giorgino, F. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14981 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation2023 update on Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Mannucci, E., Candido, R., Monache, L. D., Gallo, M., Giaccari, A., Masini, M. L., Mazzone, A., Medea, G., Pintaudi, B., Targher, G., et al. (2023) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-023-02107-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, C.-Y., Zhang, J., Ye, X.-M., Lu, J.-P., Jin, H.-Y., Xu, W.-W., Wang, P., & Zhang, M. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02283-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Despite the evidence that the self-monitoring of BG (SMBG) and a healthy lifestyle are beneficial for controlling the disease, the implementation of effective SMBG and long-term life-style changes is a huge daily challenge [6].”
BackgroundThe Evolution of Diabetes Technology – Options Toward Personalized Care
Zahid, M., Dowlatshahi, S., Kansara, A., & Sadhu, A. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.04.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Tan, D. H. Y., & Lee, J. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13357 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zou, Y. L., Zhao, S., Li, G., & Zhang, C. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07864-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tomah, S., Mahmoud, N., Mottalib, A., POBER, D. M., Tasabehji, M. W., Ashrafzadeh, S., & Hamdy, O. (2019) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000659 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A more recent meta-analysis concluded that using structured SMBG data to adjust diabetes medications was tied to greater A1C reduction in non-insulin-treated patients with T2D.(13) Although Martin et al showed that use of SMBG was associated with lower event rates of stroke and myocardial infarction among patients wit…”
MethodInfluentialWilliams, D. M., Parsons, S. N., Dunseath, G. J., Stephens, J. W., Luzio, S. D., & Owens, D. R. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.01.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Certainly, glycaemic outcomes from studies utilising structured SMBG compared with unstructured SMBG observe greater improvements in glycaemic control [31], and newer cost analyses including a comparison of structured versus unstructured trials would be useful.”
BackgroundXiao, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Xie, N., Chen, F., Song, Z., & Zhao, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/66441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Similarly, Mannucci et al [46] found that SMBG was more effective when a structured monitoring plan was implemented, and HCPs used the collected data.”
Fritzen, K., Basinska, K., Rubio-Almanza, M., Nicolucci, A., Kennon, B., Vergès, B. L., Zakrzewska, K. E., & Schnell, O. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819835172 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Mannucci, E., Candido, R., Monache, L. D., Gallo, M., Giaccari, A., Masini, M. L., Mazzone, A., Medea, G., Pintaudi, B., Targher, G., et al. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHolmes-Truscott, E., Baptista, S., Ling, M., Collins, E., Ekinci, E. I., Furler, J., Hagger, V., Manski-Nankervis, J.-A., Wells, C., & Speight, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1177030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the TODAY Study
Weinstock, R. S., Braffett, B. H., McGuigan, P., Larkin, M. E., Grover, N., Walders‐Abramson, N., Laffel, L. M., Chan, C. L., CHANG, N. T., Schwartzman, B., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1854 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Molfetta, S. D., Patruno, P., Cormio, S., Cignarelli, A., Paleari, R., Mosca, A., Lamacchia, O., Cosmo, S. D., Massa, M., Natalicchio, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01802-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHarrison, B., & Brown, D. (2020) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2020.1704253 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Structured SMBG in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) can provide useful information on the impact of behavior (i.e. physical activity and diet) and treatment, and has been associated with lower HbA1c [8] and improved quality of life [1] versus the use of unstructured glucose testing.”
BackgroundSun, X., Zhou, X., Li, S., & Ji, L. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111027 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hauss, O., Hinzmann, R., & Huffman, B. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221140420 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Persson, D. R., Zhukouskaya, K., Wegener, A.-M. K., Jørgensen, L. K., Bardram, J. E., & Bækgaard, P. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/49738 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Similarly, Mannucci et al [43] found that the effects of SMBG measurements are better with structured SMBG programs and when the GP uses the collected measurements [43].”
BackgroundResultIrace, C., Schweitzer, M. A., Tripolino, C., Scavelli, F. B., & Gnasso, A. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8532 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“So far, many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of SMBG in improving decision making, obtaining better glycemic control, and facilitating a more timely and aggressive change of diabetes therapy, as well as in starting insulin therapy both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes [5-7].”
Chang, Y.-T., Tu, Y.-Z., Chiou, H., Lai, K., & Yu, N. C. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/31764 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Several studies have provided evidence that SMBG has notable benefits on glycemic control, and a recent meta-analysis showed that SMBG has beneficial effects on glucose control in both the short- and long-term [8-10].”
BackgroundBedros, J. R., Jermendy, G., Gaál, Z., Gerő, L., Hídvégi, T., Kempler, P., Lengyel, C., Várkonyi, T. T., Winkler, G., & Wittmann, I. (2023) · Diabetologia Hungarica · doi:10.24121/dh.2023.20 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shen, Y., Zhu, W., Lu, L., Lu, F., Kan, K., Bao, Y., Zhou, J., & Jia, W. (2018) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3067 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Di Molfetta, S., Bosi, E., Ceriello, A., Cucinotta, D., Tiengo, A., Scavini, M., Piccolo, C., Bonizzoni, E., Acmet, E., & Giorgino, F. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109070 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing structured with unstructured SMBG reported that only the former is associated with significant reductions in HbA 1c (-0.2% [ (cid:1) 0.3 to (cid:1) 0.1], p = 0.003) [9].”
InfluentialSelf-citationNemlekar, P. M., Hannah, K. L., & Norman, G. J. (2023) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd22-0080 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“(24), the use of structured SMBG regimens with clearly defined timing and frequency of glucose measurements resulted in improved glycemic control compared with unstructured SMBG or no SMBG.”
BackgroundLai, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-D., Jiang, Y., Wang, C.-S., Wang, I.-C., Huang, H.-F., Peng, H.-Y., Chen, H.-C., Chang, T., & Chuang, L. (2023) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2023.09.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yi, W. M., Jones, E. M. V. W., Hansen, B. K., & Vora, J. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Butāne, L., Šmite, D., Šablinskis, M., & Skride, A. (2019) · Cor et Vasa · doi:10.33678/cor.2019.037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Unleashing the Potential of Blood Glucose Monitoring Data With the Ambulatory Glucose Profile Report
Simonson, G. D., Holt, E. H., Grady, M., Hurrell, G., Gaudiani, L., & Bergenstal, R. M. (2024) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd23-0092 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hayek, A. A., Klonoff, D. C., Zahrani, W. M. A., Saeed, A. H. A., & Dawish, M. A. A. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112458 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kim, J. A., Park, M., Song, E., Roh, E., Park, S. Y., Lee, D. Y., Kim, J., Yu, J. H., Seo, J. A., Choi, K. M., et al. (2022) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0293 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Irace, C., Acmet, E., Cutruzzolà, A., Parise, M., Ponzani, P., Scarpitta, A. M., & Candido, R. (2023) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03605-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Structured SMBG follows different monitoring patterns and improves glycemic control, [5] variability, and better quality of life in insulin-treated patients [6, 7].”
BackgroundDiabetes Technology Meeting 2023
Tian, T., Aaron, R. E., DuNova, A. Y., JENDLE, J. H., Kerr, D. E., Cengiz, E., Drincic, A., Pickup, J. C., Chen, K. Y., Schwartz, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241235205 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“49 Another study found that tele-monitoring and titration of insulin using a connected glucose meter resulted in significant improvements in glycemia in patients with T2D. these gaps may include optimizing the form factor to minimize intrusiveness and burden on the user; minimizing the need for any…”
Clinical Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Noninsulin Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Aleppo, G., Carlson, A. L., McGill, J. B., Alshannaq, H. A., Galindo, R. J., Kruger, D. F., Levy, C. J., Matuoka, J. Y., Ilham, S., Umpierrez, G. E., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251414980 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“24 25 – 27 While CGM has demonstrated clear bene fi ts for IT populations, substantial emerging evidence suggests that its advantages can extend to populations with T2D on noninsulin therapy (NIT), with similar trends in improved glycemic outcomes.”
Mobile technology for self-monitoring of blood glucose among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Coughlin, S. S. (2017) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2017.10.03 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“More recently, Mannucci (9) conducted a meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials of the use of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes compared with no self-monitoring (1,277 and 1,072 patients, respectively).”
BackgroundJospe, M. R., Kendall, M., Schembre, S. M., & Roy, M. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/65368 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“While the use of the glucometer alone (and their companion apps) might have induced added benefits, research to date suggests that these benefits are likely to be minor without a structured program [19,20].”
Banda, C. K., Gombachika, B. T., Nyirenda, M., & Muula, A. S. (2019) · AAS Open Research · doi:10.12688/aasopenres.12992.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a new type of recombinant insulin Lisargine injection
Lu, J., Zeng, Y., Yi, X., Zhang, H., Zhu, L., Jiang, L., Li, J., Zhou, W., Zhu, H., & Aijun, X. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03110-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Long-acting insulin is needed so that patients can control their blood glucose with single injection only once a day [17].”
BackgroundProblems of blood glucose self-monitoring in patients with diabetes mellitus
Kononova, Y. A., Bregovskiy, V. B., & Babenko, A. Y. (2022) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2021-21-1-140-148 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Molfetta, S. D., Laviola, L., Natalicchio, A., Leonardini, A., Cignarelli, A., Bonizzoni, E., Acmet, E., & Giorgino, F. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110836 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFritzen, K., Basinska, K., Stautner, C., Braun, K. F., Rubio-Almanza, M., Nicolucci, A., Kennon, B., Vergès, B. L., Hosny, Y., & Schnell, O. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819864665 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ossai, C. I., & Wickramasinghe, N. S. (2021) · Endocrine and Metabolic Science · doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2021.100101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Schweiger, D. Š., & Battelino, T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816714-4.00001-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“There is plenty of diabetes research focusing on SCT.”
The Behavior of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Glycemic Control in Taiwanese Population
Lu, C., Tseng, C., Liao, K. C.-W., Yang, H.-J., Chen, P., & Perng, M. (2022) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines3020019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Евгеньевна, Р. Г. (2021) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2021-12-286-292 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Glycemic variability and diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy
Serhiyenko, A. A., Tsaryk, T. V., Pavlovskiy, Y., & Serhiyenko, V. A. (2024) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.20.4.2024.1398 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Innovative technologies in the management of diabetes mellitus: prevention of hypoglycemia
Svetlova, O. V., & Владимировна, Г. И. (2023) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2023-167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How to evaluate over 60 million blood glucose data — The design of the MÉRY Diabetes Database
Hermányi, Z., Csiki, V., Menyhárt, A., Osgyán, K., Körei, A. E., Istenes, I., Putz, Z., Benhamida, A., Berey, A., Hetthéssy, J. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108586 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Utilità dell’holter glicemico nella persona con diabete mellito di tipo 1 e di tipo 2
Molfetta, S. D., Laviola, L., & Giorgino, F. (2020) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-020-00657-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Diabetes Mellitus: A Biopsychosocial Perspective
Hendrieckx, C., de Wit, M., Gray, S., van Duinkerken, E., & Snoek, F. J. (2021) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00206-5
The role Time in range depending on the method of assessing glycemic control in diabetes: A review
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Digital technologies in self-monitoring of blood glucose and their clinical significance
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Modern approaches to monitoring glucose levels
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“This aligns with prior studies revealing that structured SMBG helps deliver necessary data, which may enable glucose management and enhance glycemic control [5,34].”
InfluentialFoo, N., Chodapaneedi, S., Gibson, B. N., Koh, H. J. W., Gašević, D., Hamblin, P. S., Trin, C., Cataldo-Miranda, P., Zomer, E., Russell, A. W., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70401
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Cost effectiveness analysis of self-monitoring of blood glucose for patients with type 2 diabetes
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“Evidence from clinical studies has demonstrated that SMBG contributes to improved glycemic control, especially when the results are actively used to guide behavioral or therapeutic adjustments [2–4].”
Diabetes Technology: Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery
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- Authors
- Mannucci, E., Antenore, A., Giorgino, F., & Scavini, M.
- Affiliations
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Giorgino, Francesco
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-07-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 183-189
- ISSN
- 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5761981
- OpenAlex
- W2736052465
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- self-monitoring of blood glucose, type 2 diabetes, non-insulin-treated diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, medication adjustment, diabetes self-management
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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