The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Feasibility of Automating Insulin Delivery for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
An automated closed-loop insulin delivery system based on subcutaneous glucose sensing and subcutaneous insulin delivery was evaluated in 10 subjects with type 1 diabetes (2 men, 8 women, mean [±SD] age 43.4 ± 11.4 years, duration of diabetes 18.2 ± 13.5 years). Closed-loop control was assessed over ∼30 h and compared with open-loop control assessed over 3 days. Closed-loop insulin delivery was calculated using a model of the β-cell’s multiphasic insulin response to glucose. Plasma glucose was 160 ± 66 mg/dl at the start of closed loop and was thereafter reduced to 71 ± 19 by 1:00 p.m. (preprandial lunch). Fasting glucose the subsequent morning on closed loop was not different from target (124 ± 25 vs. 120 mg/dl, respectively; P > 0.05). Mean glucose levels were not different between the open and closed loop (133 ± 63 vs. 133 ± 52 mg/dl, respectively; P > 0.65). However, glucose was within the range 70–180 mg/dl 75% of the time under closed loop versus 63% for open loop. Incidence of biochemical hypoglycemia (blood glucose <60 mg/dl) was similar under the two treatments. There were no episodes of severe hypoglycemia. The data provide proof of concept that glycemic control can be achieved by a completely automated external closed-loop insulin delivery system.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ogata, K., & Brewer, J. W. (1971) · Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control · doi:10.1115/1.3426465 · Cited by 6,358
Continuous glucose monitoring and closed‐loop systems
Hovorka, R. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01672.x · Cited by 443
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Minimal Model Indexes of β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity
Breda, E., Cavaghan, M. K., Toffolo, G., Polonsky, K. S., & Cobelli, C. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.1.150 · Cited by 320
Closed-loop insulin delivery—the path to physiological glucose control
Steil, G. (2004) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.08.011 · Cited by 313
Self-citationAhrén, B., & Holst, J. J. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1030 · Cited by 292
Bequette, B. W. (2005) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2005.7.28 · Cited by 270
Challenges facing islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Rother, K. I., & Harlan, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200423235 · Cited by 220
The development of Biostator, a Glucose Controlled Insulin Infusion System (GCIIS).
Clemens, A. H., Chang, P. H., & Myers, R. W. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 191
A randomized, controlled study of insulin pump therapy in diabetic preschoolers
DiMeglio, L. A., Pottorff, T. M., Boyd, S. R., France, L., Fineberg, N., & Eugster, E. A. (2004) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.022 · Cited by 170
Elahi, D. (1996) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.19.3.278 · Cited by 168
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Calabrese G, Bueti A, Zega G, Giombolini A, Bellomo G, Antonella MA, Massi-Benedetti M, Brunetti P: Improvement of artificial endocrine pancreas (biostator; GCHS) performance combining feedback controlled insulin administration with a pre-programmed insulin infusion. Horm Metab Res 14:505–507,1982 · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1019062
Cited by
Cryer, P. E., Axelrod, L., Grossman, A. B., Heller, S. R., Montori, V. M., Seaquist, E. R., & Service, F. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1410 · Cited by 1,277
In Silico Preclinical Trials: A Proof of Concept in Closed-Loop Control of Type 1 Diabetes
Kovatchev, B. P., Breton, M., Dalla Man, C., & Cobelli, C. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300106 · Cited by 760
Artificial Pancreas: Past, Present, Future
Cobelli, C., Renard, E., & Kovatchev, B. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0654 · Cited by 600
Weinzimer, S. A., Steil, G. M., Swan, K. L., Dziura, J., Kurtz, N., & Tamborlane, W. V. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1967 · Cited by 567
Self-citationDiabetes: Models, Signals, and Control
Cobelli, C., Dalla Man, C., Sparacino, G., Magni, L., De Nicolao, G., & Kovatchev, B. P. (2009) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2009.2036073 · Cited by 511
“control experiments used a PID controller [259], [260], [290],”
Metadata
- Authors
- Steil, G. M., Rebrin, K., Darwin, C., Hariri, F., & Saad, M. F.
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-12-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3344-3350
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2127456983
- Cited by
- 473
- References
- 24
- FWCI
- 12.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Feasibility of Automating Insulin Delivery for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2337/db06-0419
- The paper
- Steil, G. M., Rebrin, K., Darwin, C., Hariri, F., & Saad, M. F. (2006). Feasibility of Automating Insulin Delivery for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0419
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.