The role of free-living daily walking in human weight gain and obesity
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OBJECTIVE—Diminished daily physical activity explains, in part, why obesity and diabetes have become worldwide epidemics. In particular, chair use has replaced ambulation, so that obese individuals tend to sit for ∼2.5 h/day more than lean counterparts. Here, we address the hypotheses that free-living daily walking distance is decreased in obesity compared with lean subjects and that experimental weight gain precipitates decreased daily walking. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—During weight-maintenance feeding, we measured free-living walking using a validated system that captures locomotion and body movement for 10 days in 22 healthy lean and obese sedentary individuals. These measurements were then repeated after the lean and obese subjects were overfed by 1,000 kcal/day for 8 weeks. RESULTS—We found that free-living walking comprises many (∼47) short-duration (<15 min), low-velocity (∼1 mph) walking bouts. Lean subjects walked 3.5 miles/day more than obese subjects (n = 10, 10.3 ± 2.5 vs. n = 12, 6.7 ± 1.8 miles/day; P = 0.0009). With overfeeding, walking distance decreased by 1.5 miles/day compared with baseline values (−1.5 ± 1.7 miles/day; P = 0.0005). The decrease in walking that accompanied overfeeding occurred to a similar degree in the lean (−1.4 ± 1.9 miles/day; P = 0.04) and obese (−1.6 ± 1.7 miles/day; P = 0.008) subjects. CONCLUSIONS—Walking is decreased in obesity and declines with weight gain. This may represent a continuum whereby progressive increases in weight are associated with progressive decreases in walking distance. By identifying walking as pivotal in weight gain and obesity, we hope to add credence to an argument for an ambulatory future.
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Nonexercise activity thermogenesis can create a large daily caloric deficit to prevent excessive weight gain.
“Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (i.e., energy expending for activities of daily living) can create a large daily caloric deficit to prevent excessive weight gain”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [169]
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- Authors
- Levine, J. A., McCrady, S. K., Lanningham-Foster, L. M., Kane, P. H., Foster, R. C., & Manohar, C. U.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- From the Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- ORCID
- Levine, James A.
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2008-03-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 548-554
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2132768825
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- obesity, weight gain, physical activity, overfeeding, sedentary behavior, walking distance, walking bouts, ambulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Gain, Walking
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