Effect of endogenous GLP-1 on insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) account for up to 60% of postprandial insulin release in healthy people. Previous studies showed a reduced incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes but a robust response to exogenous GLP-1. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether endogenous GLP-1 regulates insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Twelve patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes and eight matched nondiabetic subjects consumed a breakfast meal containing D-xylose during fixed hyperglycemia at 5 mmol/l above fasting levels. Studies were repeated, once with infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin-(9-39) (Ex-9), and once with saline. RESULTS: The relative increase in insulin secretion after meal ingestion was comparable in diabetic and nondiabetic groups (44 +/- 4% vs. 47 +/- 7%). Blocking the action of GLP-1 suppressed postprandial insulin secretion similarly in the diabetic and nondiabetic subjects (25 +/- 4% vs. 27 +/- 8%). However, Ex-9 also reduced the insulin response to intravenous glucose (25 +/- 5% vs. 26 +/- 7%; diabetic vs. nondiabetic subjects), when plasma GLP-1 levels were undetectable. The appearance of postprandial ingested d-xylose in the blood was not affected by Ex-9. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that in patients with well-controlled diabetes, the relative effects of enteral stimuli and endogenous GLP-1 to enhance insulin release are retained and comparable with those in nondiabetic subjects. Surprisingly, GLP-1 receptor signaling promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion independent of the mode of glucose entry. Based on rates of D-xylose absorption, GLP-1 receptor blockade did not affect gastric emptying of a solid meal.
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Method 3 allows for an estimate of the incretin effect in a single-day experiment.
“This method allows for an estimate of the incretin effect in a single-day experiment and has been employed in several previously published studies (9, 27).”
From Assessment of the incretin effect in healthy subjects: concordance between clamp and OGTT methods (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
GLP-1 receptor blockade reduced the β-cell response to intravenous glucose-induced hyperglycemia during the 60-90 min period when there is no nutrient stimulation of GLP-1 secretion.
“Infusion of Ex-9 reduced insulin secretion during fasting hyperglycemia (60–90 min) by 18 ± 7, 20 ± 5, and 18 ± 10% in the Asym-GB, Hypo-GB, and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001 vs. the matched saline study) (Table 2).”
From Gastric Bypass Surgery Enhances Glucagon-Like Peptide 1–Stimulated Postprandial Insulin Secretion in Humans (2011) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Salehi, M., Aulinger, B., Prigeon, R. L., & D'Alessio, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Internal Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
- Corresponding author
- Salehi, Marzieh
- ORCID
- Salehi, Marzieh
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2010-03-09
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1330-1337
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC2874693
- OpenAlex
- W2097159083
- Semantic Scholar
- 0816c2b2e193267ae1ad364ffe9b835437130329
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000077)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK57900, R01DK057900)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR008084)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin secretion, type 2 diabetes, incretins, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, exendin-9-39, postprandial insulin response, D-xylose absorption, gastric emptying, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, hyperglycemia
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Xylose, Body Mass Index, Postprandial Period, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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