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Inherited Variation in Vitamin D Genes Is Associated With Predisposition to Autoimmune Disease Type 1 Diabetes
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OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <50 nmol/L) is commonly reported in both children and adults worldwide, and growing evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency is associated with many extraskeletal chronic disorders, including the autoimmune diseases type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We measured 25(OH)D concentrations in 720 case and 2,610 control plasma samples and genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms from seven vitamin D metabolism genes in 8,517 case, 10,438 control, and 1,933 family samples. We tested genetic variants influencing 25(OH)D metabolism for an association with both circulating 25(OH)D concentrations and disease status. RESULTS: Type 1 diabetic patients have lower circulating levels of 25(OH)D than similarly aged subjects from the British population. Only 4.3 and 18.6% of type 1 diabetic patients reached optimal levels (≥75 nmol/L) of 25(OH)D for bone health in the winter and summer, respectively. We replicated the associations of four vitamin D metabolism genes (GC, DHCR7, CYP2R1, and CYP24A1) with 25(OH)D in control subjects. In addition to the previously reported association between type 1 diabetes and CYP27B1 (P = 1.4 × 10−4), we obtained consistent evidence of type 1 diabetes being associated with DHCR7 (P = 1.2 × 10−3) and CYP2R1 (P = 3.0 × 10−3). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating levels of 25(OH)D in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes vary seasonally and are under the same genetic control as in the general population but are much lower. Three key 25(OH)D metabolism genes show consistent evidence of association with type 1 diabetes risk, indicating a genetic etiological role for vitamin D deficiency in type 1 diabetes.
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“A plethora of environmental influences have been purported to affect the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes,25 with infant and adolescent diets,26 vitamin D and vitamin D pathway constituents,27–29 and viruses receiving the most focus.30,31”
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“Genetic susceptibility might also influence responses to environmental stimuli or physiological pathways (eg, vitamin D and interferon induced helicase).29,76”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cooper, J. D., Smyth, D. J., Walker, N. M., Stevens, H., Burren, O. S., Wallace, C., Greissl, C., Ramos-Lopez, E., Hyppönen, E., Dunger, D. B., Spector, T. D., Ouwehand, W. H., Wang, T. J., Badenhoop, K., & Todd, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University Hospital Frankfurt (DE)
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University College London (GB)
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, U.K.
- National Health Service (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Todd, John A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2011-04-23
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1624-1631
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC3292339
- OpenAlex
- W2155640444
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 23.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (068545/Z/02)
- American Heart Association
- Wellcome Trust (068545/Z/02), 091157, G0000934, 061858, 089989, 068545, 079895, 076113, 076113/C/04/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (PHCS/C4/4/016, NF-SI-0508-10274, NF-SI-0508-10275)
- Food Standards Agency
- University College London
- European Commission (241447, FP7-NAIMIT, 201167)
- Queen's University Belfast
- Queen's University
- Universitetet i Oslo
- National Institutes of Health (G0000934, 068545/Z/02, 079895)
- Medical Research Council (G0601653, 068545/Z/02, G0000934)
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge (079895)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D metabolism genes, genetic susceptibility, DHCR7, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, CYP27B1, GC, seasonal variation, autoimmune disease susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Cytochrome P450 Family 2, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Genotype, Humans, Middle Aged, Mutation, Steroid Hydroxylases, Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors, Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase, Young Adult, Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
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