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Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Previous meta-analyses identified an inverse association of coffee consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, an updated meta-analysis is needed because new studies comparing the trends of association for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have since been published. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched for cohort or nested case-control studies that assessed the relationship of coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes from 1966 to February 2013. A restricted cubic spline random-effects model was used. RESULTS: Twenty-eight prospective studies were included in the analysis, with 1,109,272 study participants and 45,335 cases of type 2 diabetes. The follow-up duration ranged from 10 months to 20 years. Compared with no or rare coffee consumption, the relative risk (RR; 95% CI) for diabetes was 0.92 (0.90–0.94), 0.85 (0.82–0.88), 0.79 (0.75–0.83), 0.75 (0.71–0.80), 0.71 (0.65–0.76), and 0.67 (0.61–0.74) for 1–6 cups/day, respectively. The RR of diabetes for a 1 cup/day increase was 0.91 (0.89–0.94) for caffeinated coffee consumption and 0.94 (0.91–0.98) for decaffeinated coffee consumption (P for difference = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Coffee consumption was inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner. Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee was associated with reduced diabetes risk.
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“Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee associate with lower onset of diabetes in a dose-dependent fashion (Figure 6).269”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [269]
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“Coffee intake also associates with lower risk of CHD and stroke but in a nonlinear fashion: compared with no intake, lowest risk is seen at 3-4 cups/day, with increasing risk at higher intakes.270”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [270]
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Coffee: chemical composition, antioxidant activity and effects on human health
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Erzurumlu, Y., Çataklı, D., Doğan, H. K., & Aydoğdu, E. (2022) · Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1164699 · Cited by 3
Qu, Y., Cheng, Y., & Chen, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1375252 · Cited by 5
From the kitchen to the medicine cabinet: Examples of functional herbs and spices
Gura, K. M., Duro, D., Pai, N., Sandell, A., Sankararaman, S., Quirós‐Tejeira, R. E., Herdes, R. E., Deas, J., & Wang, L. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpn3.12310 · Cited by 3
Nutrition in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: review
El-Tantawy, W. H. (2019) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2019.1657899 · Cited by 3
“Many meta-analyses confirmed that coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of T2DM (Ding et al. 2014, Jiang et al. 2014).”
BackgroundThe role of caffeine consumption on individuals' health and athletic performance: An overview
Tambalis, K. D., & Arnaoutis, G. (2022) · International Journal of Physiology Nutrition and Physical Education · doi:10.22271/journalofsport.2022.v7.i1d.2466 · Cited by 4
“Regarding the potential effect of caffeine consumption on metabolic syndrome, a meta-analysis showed a lower risk by almost 10% for high as compared to low consumption [72] .”
Methylxanthines: Dietary Sources, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits
Briz*, M. R. M., Ruiz, B. S., & Bravo, L. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119158042.ch10 · Cited by 4
Li, J., Choudhury, T., Zhang, M., Chen, L., Wen, J., Liu, W., & Chen, P. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.21253114 · Cited by 3
Coffea robusta extracts and antibacterial effects: Escherichia coli and beyond
Pinandito, Y. K. A., Shidqi, A., & Retnowati, W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13868-3.00018-1 · Cited by 2
Polyphenols and flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of diabetes type 2
Wałkuski, M., Szwed, O., Lendzioszek, M., & Terlikowska, K. M. (2018) · Progress in Health Sciences · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0012.8343 · Cited by 2
“Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and increase in PPAR-α, acetyl-CoA oxidase and livers carnitine palmitylotransferase in T2DM mice fed with anthocyanins were also noted [31].”
BackgroundCoffee in the diet and prevention of diabetes
Wierzejska, R. E. (2020) · Clinical Diabetology · doi:10.5603/dk.2020.0015 · Cited by 2
“Caffeine itself is not considered a putative mediator of this effect, as studies showed beneficial effects also for caffeine-free coffee [36, 37].”
BackgroundPark, J. B., Peters, R., Pham, Q., & Wang, T. T. Y. (2024) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00599 · Cited by 2
Hamasaki, H. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91747-6.00009-3 · Cited by 2
Enjoy or quit: impact of coffee on cardiac and metabolic health
Güneş, Y., & Aktaş, G. (2024) · Cardiology Plus · doi:10.1097/cp9.0000000000000092 · Cited by 2
Chmurzyńska, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13868-3.00053-3 · Cited by 2
Coffee and Tea Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Australians
Wong, T. H. T., Burlutsky, G., Gopinath, B., Flood, V. M., Mitchell, P. L. R., & Louie, J. C. Y. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6020012 · Cited by 2
Habtemariam, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102922-0.00021-3 · Cited by 2
Caffeine content and antioxidant activity of various brews of specialty grade coffee [pdf]
Miłek, M., Młodecki, Ł., & Dżugan, M. (2021) · Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria · doi:10.17306/j.afs.2021.0890 · Cited by 2
Chung, N. T., Lee, A. H., Tran, D. N., Vuong, V., Binns, C. W., Hac, V. V., Pham, P. Q., & Pham, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research · doi:10.1089/caff.2018.0007 · Cited by 2
“Our report concurs with previous studies 8,17,18 that suggested high coffee consumption is associated with reduced risk of T2D, irrespective of race or ethnicity.”
InfluentialEvaluation of Anti-Hyperglycaemic Potential of Allium Cepa, Coffee and Oxidative Stress
Chuemere, A. N. (2018) · International Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology · doi:10.23880/ijbp-16000116 · Cited by 2
Coffee and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A review
Nikrandt, G., & Chmurzyńska, A. (2020) · Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria · doi:10.17306/j.afs.0796 · Cited by 2
“Ding et al. (2014), in their meta-analysis of prospective studies, showed an inverse relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of T2DM.”
BackgroundKusic, D., Zajic, S. C., Gharani, N., Gordon, E. S., Schmidlen, T., Zhang, P., Gerry, N. P., & Scheinfeldt, L. (2023) · Genetics & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.33425/2689-1077.1020 · Cited by 2
“An inverse linear relationship between risk and coffee consumption has been found across multiple diseases including type 2 diabetes and malignant melanoma [21,22].”
BackgroundTea, Coffee and Health Benefits
Hayakawa, S., Oishi, Y., Tanabe, H., Isemura, M., & Suzuki, Y. (2017) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_14-1 · Cited by 2
Kabeya, Y., Goto, A., Kato, M., Takahashi, Y., Isogawa, A., Matsushita, Y., Mizoue, T., Inoue, M., Sawada, N., Kadowaki, T., et al. (2022) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2022.100185 · Cited by 4
Coffee: friend or foe for diabetes risk?
Hitman, G. A. (2014) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12505 · Cited by 2
National Obesity Forum report is flawed
Kromhout, D. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i3324 · Cited by 2
The Village Market: New Columbia Goes Shopping for Food Justice
Waddell, J. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.3279 · Cited by 2
Maksimovic, J., Vlajinac, H., Maksimovic, M., Lalic, N., Vujcic, I. S., Pejovic, B., Grujicic, S. B. S., Obrenovic, M., & Kavecan, I. I. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2023.2173090 · Cited by 2
“…Dutch study (van Dam & Feskens, 2002) was the first epidemiologic study reporting this inverse relationship, which was later supported by numerous investigations, the results of which were summarized in the three reviews (Ding et al., 2014; Huxley et al., 2009; Muley et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2014).”
ResultHiramatsu, R., Ozaki, E., Tomida, S., & Koyama, T. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12060603 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Chen, M., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2014-01-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 569-586
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC3898757
- OpenAlex
- W2100404723
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes, caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Coffee, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors
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