The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Previous meta-analyses identified an inverse association of coffee consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, an updated meta-analysis is needed because new studies comparing the trends of association for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have since been published. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched for cohort or nested case-control studies that assessed the relationship of coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes from 1966 to February 2013. A restricted cubic spline random-effects model was used. RESULTS: Twenty-eight prospective studies were included in the analysis, with 1,109,272 study participants and 45,335 cases of type 2 diabetes. The follow-up duration ranged from 10 months to 20 years. Compared with no or rare coffee consumption, the relative risk (RR; 95% CI) for diabetes was 0.92 (0.90–0.94), 0.85 (0.82–0.88), 0.79 (0.75–0.83), 0.75 (0.71–0.80), 0.71 (0.65–0.76), and 0.67 (0.61–0.74) for 1–6 cups/day, respectively. The RR of diabetes for a 1 cup/day increase was 0.91 (0.89–0.94) for caffeinated coffee consumption and 0.94 (0.91–0.98) for decaffeinated coffee consumption (P for difference = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Coffee consumption was inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner. Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee was associated with reduced diabetes risk.
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“Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee associate with lower onset of diabetes in a dose-dependent fashion (Figure 6).269”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [269]
In the citing paper
“Coffee intake also associates with lower risk of CHD and stroke but in a nonlinear fashion: compared with no intake, lowest risk is seen at 3-4 cups/day, with increasing risk at higher intakes.270”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [270]
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Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · cited 1×
“For each group, a random-effects model was used to pool the RR of type 2 diabetes (25).”
MethodWild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., & King, H. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 · Cited by 15,297 · cited 1×
“The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing, and the global number of people with diabetes is estimated to reach 366 million by the year 2030 (1).”
BackgroundMethods for Trend Estimation from Summarized Dose-Response Data, with Applications to Meta-Analysis
Greenland, S., & Longnecker, M. P. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237 · Cited by 2,353 · cited 1×
“For the parametric method, a randomeffects dose-response meta-analysis was performed (26).”
MethodLong-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Nathan, D. M. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199306103282306 · Cited by 1,495
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.1.97 · Cited by 662 · cited 1×
“van Dam and Hu (14) included nine cohort studies and reported a lower risk of type 2 diabetes for high coffee consumption compared with no coffee consumption with little between-study heterogeneity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCoffee, Decaffeinated Coffee, and Tea Consumption in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Huxley, R. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.439 · Cited by 476 · cited 2×
“(15) included only six studies on decaffeinated coffee, and estimates were less precise than for caffeinated coffee because of lower consumption levels.”
BackgroundIso, H., Date, C., Wakai, K., Fukui, M., Tamakoshi, A., & and the JACC Study Group* (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-8-200604180-00005 · Cited by 462
Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Salazar-Martinez, E., Willett, W. C., Ascherio, A., Manson, J. E., Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-1-200401060-00005 · Cited by 462
Self-citationMagnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women
López‐Ridaura, R., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Liu, S., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.134 · Cited by 455
Self-citationCoffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
van Dam, R. M., & Feskens, E. J. M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11436-x · Cited by 444
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Items 501–509 of 509
Zeng, Y., Li, P.-Y., Zhi, C. H. E. N., Yao, N.-F., Ye, H., Gui, Z.-H., Chen, H.-L., Liu, L., Wan, H., & Shen, J. (2026) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304
Coffee consumption and chronic kidney disease
Vieira, M. B., Nicolau, C., Curto, A. F., Magriço, R., Causland, F. R. M., & Neves, J. S. (2026) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfag107
Coffee: Decaffeination and Health Effects
França, A. S., & Oliveira, L. S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40344-6.00186-1
Jiang, Z., & Ding, Y. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08662-5 · Cited by 1
“Large-scale meta-analyses of prospective studies consistently demonstrate a ~ 25–30% reduction in the risk of developing T2DM with habitual coffee consumption, exhibiting a clear dose-response relationship up to 4–6 cups/day [69].”
Neuroprotective potential of caffeine in a rotenone-induced Drosophila model of Parkinsonism
Ogunruku, O. O., Rotimi, J. A., & Agboola, J. B. (2026) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-026-05834-4
How diet-related follow-up period affects risk of adverse health outcomes
Sabico, S., Al‐Daghri, N. M., & Grant, W. B. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106784
Al-Romaima, A., Liu, X., Hu, G., Alafifi, J., Zong, S., Quan, C., & Qiu, M. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c05370
Granado-Casas, M., & Mauricio, D. (2026) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2026.107556
Metadata
- Authors
- Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Chen, M., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2014-01-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 569-586
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC3898757
- OpenAlex
- W2100404723
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes, caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Coffee, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors
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