Natriuretic effect of two weeks of dapagliflozin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function during standardized sodium intake: results of the DAPASALT Trial
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OBJECTIVE: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk for heart failure hospitalization potentially by inducing sodium excretion, osmotic diuresis, and plasma volume contraction. Few studies have investigated this hypothesis, but none have assessed cumulative sodium excretion with SGLT2 inhibition during standardized sodium intake in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The DAPASALT trial was a mechanistic, nonrandomized, open-label study in patients with type 2 diabetes with preserved kidney function on a controlled standardized sodium diet (150 mmol/day). It evaluated the effects of dapagliflozin on sodium excretion, 24-h blood pressure, and extracellular, intracellular, and plasma volumes at the start of treatment (ST) (days 2–4), end of treatment (ET) (days 12–14), and follow-up (FU) (days 15–18). RESULTS: Fourteen patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Mean (SD) baseline sodium excretion (150 [32] mmol/24-h) did not significantly change during treatment (change at ST: −7.0 mmol/24-h [95% CI −22.4, 8.4]; change at ET: 2.1 mmol/24-h [−28.8, 33.0]). Mean baseline 24-h systolic blood pressure was 128 (10) mmHg and significantly reduced at ST (−6.1 mmHg [−9.1, −3.1]; P < 0.001) and ET (−7.2 mmHg [−10.0, −4.3]; P < 0.001). Dapagliflozin did not significantly alter plasma volume or intracellular volume, while extracellular volume changed at ST (−0.7 L [−1.3, −0.1]; P = 0.02). As expected, 24-h urinary glucose excretion significantly increased during dapagliflozin treatment and reversed during FU. CONCLUSIONS: During standardized sodium intake, dapagliflozin reduced blood pressure without clear changes in urinary sodium excretion, suggesting that factors other than natriuresis and volume changes may contribute to the blood pressure–lowering effects.
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In type 2 diabetes patients with preserved kidney function on a strict standardized sodium diet, dapagliflozin significantly lowered 24 h blood pressure without obvious changes in sodium excretion.
“A recent study in patients with T2D and preserved kidney function who adhered to a strict standardized sodium diet showed that the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin significantly decreased 24 h blood pressure without obvious changes in sodium excretion (Scholtes et al., 2021).”
From A kidney perspective on the mechanism of action of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as Scholtes et al., 2021
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Update on Hypertension Research in 2021
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Dapagliflozin for the treatment of chronic kidney disease
Kurata, Y., & Nangaku, M. (2022) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2022.2099373 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Patoulias, D., Fragakis, N., & Rizzo, M. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12122062 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Na/K-ATPase Signaling and SGLT2 Inhibitor-Mediated Cardiorenal Protection: A Crossed Road?
Liu, J., Tian, J., Sodhi, K., & Shapiro, J. I. (2021) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/s00232-021-00192-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A profile of SGLT-2 inhibitors in hyponatremia: The evidence to date
Tang, H., Xu, C., Zhang, P., Luo, T., Huang, Y., & Yang, X. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106415 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin According to Background Diuretic Use in HFrEF
Dhingra, N. K., Verma, S., Butler, J., Anker, S. D., Ferreira, J. P., Filippatos, G. S., Januzzi, J. L., Lam, C. S. P., Sattar, N. A., Zaremba-Pechmann, L., et al. (2023) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2023.06.036 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Khan, M. S., & Lea, J. P. (2024) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-024-03652-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Bai, L., Xie, X., Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109195 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ojha, U., Reyes, L. M., Eyenga, F., Oumbe, D., Watkowska, J., & Saint-Jacques, H. (2021) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-021-00486-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Coffee intake and risk of diabetic nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study
Fang, J., Song, K., Zhang, D., Liang, Y., Zhao, H., Jin, J., & He, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1169933 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Canagliflozin and iron metabolism in the CREDENCE trial
Koshino, A., Heerspink, H. J. L., Jongs, N., Badve, S. V., Arnott, C. G., Neal, B. C., Jardine, M., Mahaffey, K. W., Pollock, C. A., Perkovic, V., et al. (2024) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae198 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationEmpagliflozin and Renal Sodium-Hydrogen Exchange in Healthy Subjects
Biancalana, E., Rossi, C., Raggi, F., Distaso, M., Tricò, D., Baldi, S., Ferrannini, E., & Solini, A. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad088 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Scholtes, R. A., Mosterd, C. M., Hesp, A. C., Smits, M. M., Heerspink, H. J. L., & van Raalte, D. H. (2022) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14864 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationRenal Oxygen Demand and Nephron Function: Is Glucose a Friend or Foe?
Gronda, E., Iacoviello, M., Palazzuoli, A., Benevenuto, M., Gabrielli, D., & Arduini, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24129957 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Balestrieri, G., Limonta, R., Ponti, E., Merlo, A., Sciatti, E., D’Isa, S., Gori, M., Casu, G., Giannattasio, C., Senni, M., et al. (2024) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2023.13 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Starr, J. A., Pinner, N. A., Lisenby, K. M., & Osmonson, A. J. (2021) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.2527 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial on the Renal and Systemic Hemodynamic Effects of Empagliflozin
Nielsen, S. F., Duus, C. L., Buus, N. H., Bech, J. N., & Mose, F. H. (2024) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2024.10.019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
van Ruiten, C. C., Hesp, A. C., & van Raalte, D. H. (2022) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2022.03.031 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging role for SGLT2 inhibitors in mitigating the risk of hyperkalaemia in heart failure
Verma, S., Dhingra, N. K., Pandey, A. K., & Cosentino, F. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac304 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tao, W., Yang, X., Zhang, Q. H., Bi, S., & Yao, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1181473 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Longitudinal association of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs on falls in persons with type 2 diabetes
Suzuki, Y., Suzuki, H., Maruo, K., Matsuda, T., Murayama, Y., Sugano, Y., Osaki, Y., Iwasaki, H., Sekiya, M., Hada, Y., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91101-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fletcher, R. A., Arnott, C. G., Rockenschaub, P., Schutte, A. E., Carpenter, L., Vaduganathan, M., Agarwal, R., Bakris, G. L., Chang, T. I., Heerspink, H. J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.028516 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of Anti-Diabetic Agents in Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Bench to Bedside
Chung, S., & Kim, G. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11050389 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Martens, P., Testani, J. M., & Damman, K. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad463 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Salerno, N., Ielapi, J., Cersosimo, A., Leo, I., Costanzo, A. D., Armentaro, G., Rosa, S. D., Sciacqua, A., Sorrentino, S., & Torella, D. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02699-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wang, M., & Zuo, L. (2025) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000545622 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Zheng, N.-X., Zhang, T.-Q., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Lan, M., Zhang, N., Li, H., Ai, H., & Liu, D. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02678-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beernink, J. M., Jongs, N., Mosterd, C. M., Scholtes, R. A., Caldwell‐McGee, A., Casillas, D. I., Driscoll, L. M., Greasley, P. J., Karlsson, C., Hammarstedt, A., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16478 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationWater and electrolyte abnormalities in novel pharmacological agents for kidney disease and cancer
Terashita, M., Yazawa, M., Murakami, N., Nishiyama, A., Electrolyte Winter Seminar Collaborative Group, Fujimaru, T., Fujita, Y., Hirose, K., Kawada, K., Monkawa, T., et al. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-025-02635-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Matsubayashi, Y., Yoshida, A., Suganami, H., Oe, M., Sato, T., Yaguchi, Y., Fujihara, K., Yamada, T., Tanaka, S., Kaku, K., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14387 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pirola, L., Ciesielski, O., & Balcerczyk, A. (2022) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115346 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lioudaki, E., Joslin, J. R., Trachanatzi, E., & Androulakis, E. S. (2022) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2303082 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cardiorenal Protections of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Nazari, S., & Mirkhani, H. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399819666221222160035 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An evaluation of canagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an update
Minami, T., Kameda, A., & Terauchi, Y. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1939675 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Protective Potential of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Internal Medicine (Part 1)
Арманович, А. А., Sheibani, M., Трофименко, А. И., Lysov, E. E., Khamidova, F. M., Aznauryan, A., Sukiasyan, L. M., Sahakyan, K., Gevorgyan, T. R., Tatoyan, M. R., et al. (2024) · Innovative medicine of Kuban · doi:10.35401/2541-9897-2024-9-4-126-135 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Schaub, J. A., Oerline, M. K., Crivelli, J. J., Maalouf, N. M., Best, S. L., Asplin, J. R., Hollingsworth, J. M., Shahinian, V. B., & Hsi, R. S. (2025) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000000728 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wallbach, M., Ajrab, J., Bayram, B., Pieper, D., Schäfer, A.-K. C., Lüders, S., Delistefani, F., Müller, D., & Koziolek, M. J. (2024) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfae234 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure
Kosiborod, M., & Vaduganathan, M. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Early prescription of SGLT2i for acute patient care: from current evidence to future directions
Ricci, F., Saraullo, S., Boccatonda, A., Sorella, A., Cipollone, A., Simeone, P., Gallina, S., Santilli, F., Cipollone, F., & D’Ardes, D. (2025) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2025.103081 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Severe acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: step-to-step management
Riccardi, M., Pagnesi, M., Lombardi, C., & Metra, M. (2025) · European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care · doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuaf084 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Congestion and Use of Diuretics in Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies: a Practical Guide
Khan, M. J., Graham, F. J., Masini, G., Iaconelli, A., Friday, J. M., Lang, C. C., & Pellicori, P. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-023-01865-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bosi, A., Xu, Y., Faucon, A., Huang, T., Evans, M., Shin, J., Fu, E. L., & Carrero, J. J. (2024) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae227 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
New insights and advances of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure
Li, J., Zhou, L., & Gong, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.903902 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
SGLT2 Inhibitor: an Emerging Pillar in Heart Failure Therapeutics?
GEAVLETE, B. F., Popescu, R.-I., Iordache, V., Georgescu, D. E., & Geavlete, P. A. (2023) · MAEDICA – a Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.26574/maedica.2023.18.1.102 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of Empagliflozin on Whole Body, Cardiac, and Renal Sympathetic Outflows in Type 2 Diabetes
Reutens, A. T., Lekamlage, D. H., Salim, A., Shaw, J. E., Esler, M., Cooper, M. E., & Kaye, D. M. (2025) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102304 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Montomoli, M., González, M., Górriz, J. L., Montesa, M. J. P., Marín, G. N., & Lecueder, M. S. (2025) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000545017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Brains Behind SGLT2 Inhibition
Schlögl, H., & Stümvoll, M. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci21-0050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Acute Kidney Injury and Electrolyte Imbalances Caused by Dapagliflozin Short-Term Use
Lopes, A. C., Lourenço, O. M., Morgado, S., Gaspar, A., Freire, I., Eusébio, I., Ribeiro, J., Silva, M. A., Mendes, M., Fonseca, O., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17040420 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Glucose-Lowering and Metabolic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Mordi, I. R., & Lang, C. C. (2022) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2022.03.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
den Kamp, Y. J. M. O., de Ligt, M., Dautzenberg, B., Moonen‐Kornips, E., ESTERLINE, R. L., Hesselink, M. K. C., Joris Hoeks, J., Schrauwen‐Hinderling, V. B., Havekes, B., Oscarsson, J., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-er05a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Møller, C. A., Nielsen, S. F., & Mose, F. H. (2025) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaf130 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Empagliflozin and fluid balance: results from the SiRENA project
Nielsen, S. F., Duus, C. L., Buus, N. H., Bech, J. N., & Mose, F. H. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf262 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sridhar, V. S., Kugathasan, L., Lytvyn, Y., Deng, Y., Liu, H., Lovblom, L. E., TSE, J. M., Nardone, M., Floras, J. S., Osuntokun, T., et al. (2025) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.125.25955 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of Extraglycemic effects of Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin
Aziz, H., Noor, M., Ahmad, S. B., Ali, S., Farhat, K., & Siddiqi, F. A. (2023) · Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v73i3.9256 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jones, N. K., Costello, H. M., Monaghan, M. T., Stewart, K., Binnie, D., Marks, J., Bailey, M. A., & Culshaw, G. (2023) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep090849 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Karagün, B., & Bakıner, O. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.25048/tudod.1510532 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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The Renal Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Sawaf, H., Qaz, M., Ismail, J., & Mehdi, A. (2022) · EMJ Nephrology · doi:10.33590/emjnephrol/22-00080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scholtes, R. A., Muskiet, M. H. A., van Baar, M. J. B., Hesp, A. C., Greasley, P. J., Karlsson, C., Hammarstedt, A., Arya, N., van Raalte, D. H., & Heerspink, H. J. L.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- AstraZeneca (Sweden) (SE)
- AstraZeneca (United States) (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Heerspink, Hiddo J.L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2020-12-14
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 440-447
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC7818331
- OpenAlex
- W3113051271
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 17
- FWCI
- 13.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- dapagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium excretion, type 2 diabetes, preserved renal function, blood pressure reduction, extracellular volume, plasma volume, intracellular fluid volume, urinary glucose excretion, osmotic diuresis, volume contraction, diuretic effect
- MeSH terms
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Benzhydryl Compounds, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucosides, Humans, Kidney, Sodium, Dietary, Natriuretic Agents
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