Agreement Between 24-Hour Salt Ingestion and Sodium Excretion in a Controlled Environment
Open accessAbstract
Accurately collected 24-hour urine collections are presumed to be valid for estimating salt intake in individuals. We performed 2 independent ultralong-term salt balance studies lasting 105 (4 men) and 205 (6 men) days in 10 men simulating a flight to Mars. We controlled dietary intake of all constituents for months at salt intakes of 12, 9, and 6 g/d and collected all urine. The subjects’ daily menus consisted of 27 279 individual servings, of which 83.0% were completely consumed, 16.5% completely rejected, and 0.5% incompletely consumed. Urinary recovery of dietary salt was 92% of recorded intake, indicating long-term steady-state sodium balance in both studies. Even at fixed salt intake, 24-hour urine collection for sodium excretion (UNaV) showed infradian rhythmicity. We defined a ±25 mmol deviation from the average difference between recorded sodium intake and UNaV as the prediction interval to accurately classify a 3-g difference in salt intake. Because of the biological variability in UNaV, only every other daily urine sample correctly classified a 3-g difference in salt intake (49%). By increasing the observations to 3 consecutive 24-hour collections and sodium intakes, classification accuracy improved to 75%. Collecting seven 24-hour urines and sodium intake samples improved classification accuracy to 92%. We conclude that single 24-hour urine collections at intakes ranging from 6 to 12 g salt per day were not suitable to detect a 3-g difference in individual salt intake. Repeated measurements of 24-hour UNaV improve precision. This knowledge could be relevant to patient care and the conduct of intervention trials.
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- Authors
- Lerchl, K., Rakova, N., Dahlmann, A., Rauh, M., Goller, U., Basner, M., Dinges, D. F., Beck, L., Agureev, A., Larina, I., Baranov, V., Morukov, B., Eckardt, K.-U., Vassilieva, G., Wabel, P., Vienken, J., Kirsch, K., Johannes, B., Krannich, A., Luft, F. C., & Titze, J.
- Affiliations
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Lerchl, Kathrin
- Rakova, Natalia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 850-857
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- PMC
- PMC4567387
- OpenAlex
- W2117907104
- Semantic Scholar
- 63e59f6878200d11ca161b20b374e7e84c8ddd67
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 22.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000445)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL118579)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- 24-hour urine collection, sodium excretion, salt intake estimation, sodium balance, measurement precision, salt intake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Environment, Controlled, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Reference Values, Sodium, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Urine Specimen Collection
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