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Metformin Prevents High-Glucose–Induced Endothelial Cell Death Through a Mitochondrial Permeability Transition-Dependent Process
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is detrimental for endothelial cells, contributing to the vascular complications of diabetes. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) is an oxidative stress–sensitive channel involved in cell death; therefore, we have examined its potential role in endothelial cells exposed to oxidative stress or high glucose level. Metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent used in type 2 diabetes, was also investigated because it inhibits PTP opening in transformed cell lines. Cyclosporin A (CsA), the reference PTP inhibitor, and a therapeutic dose of metformin (100 μmol/l) led to PTP inhibition in permeabilized human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Furthermore, exposure of intact HMEC-1 or primary endothelial cells from either human umbilical vein or bovine aorta to the oxidizing agent tert-butylhydroperoxide or to 30 mmol/l glucose triggered PTP opening, cytochrome c decompartmentalization, and cell death. CsA or metformin prevented all of these effects. The antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine also prevented hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis. We conclude that 1) elevated glucose concentration leads to an oxidative stress that favors PTP opening and subsequent cell death in several endothelial cell types and 2) metformin prevents this PTP opening–related cell death. We propose that metformin improves diabetes-associated vascular disease both by lowering blood glucose and by its effect on PTP regulation.
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“Oxidative stress has been implicated in a variety of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease [126].”
From Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [126]
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“The PTP is a large conductance channel within the inner mitochondrial membrane that opens in response to a number of physiological factors and various forms of cellular stress (e.g., large increases in intracellular [Ca+2]), triggering collapse of the protonmotive force and release of pro-apoptotic factors [34].”
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“…effects, improved contribution of NO to EDV, effects on calcium handling, inhibition of mitochondrial complex 1 and activation of AMPK, and inhibition of apoptosis (Bhalla & Sharma 1996, Faure et al. 1999, Katakam et al. 2000, Zhou et al. 2001, Detaille et al. 2005, Arunachalam et al. 2014a).”
BackgroundCan Metformin Exert as an Active Drug on Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Subjects
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“Similar measurements have been previously reported in permeabilized hepatocytes and various cell lines (13, 17, 23).”
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“…hypoxia (Sambandam and Lopaschuk, 2003), glucose deprivation (Xing et al., 2003) and osmotic stress (Tian et al., 2001), AMPK activators (e.g., metformin and dithiolethiones) increase cell survival by preventing changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Detaille et al., 2005; Ido et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMetformin promotes isolated rat liver mitochondria impairment
Carvalho, C., Correia, S. C., Santos, M. S., Seiça, R. M. F., Oliveira, C. R., & Moreira, P. I. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-007-9614-3 · Cited by 88
“Mol Cell Biochem (2008) 308:75‐83 DOI 10.1007/s11010-007-9614-3 cells (HMEC-1) [ 9 ].”
InfluentialMitochondrial function and substrate availability
Leverve, X. M. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000278044.19217.73 · Cited by 88
Self-citationMitochondrial function in vascular endothelial cell in diabetes
Pangare, M., & Makino, A. (2012) · Journal of Smooth Muscle Research · doi:10.1540/jsmr.48.1 · Cited by 87
“, 2004), opening of mPTP in endothelial cells (Detaille et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2010) and releasing the proapoptotic proteins from the mitochondria (Kowluru and Abbas, 2003; Detaille et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialIsmaiel, A. A., Espinosa‐Oliva, A. M., Santiago, M., García-Quintanilla, A., Oliva-Martín, M. J., Herrera, A. J., Venero, J. L., & de Pablos, R. M. (2016) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.004 · Cited by 81
Lablanche, S., Cottet‐Rousselle, C., Lamarche, F., Benhamou, P., Halimi, S., Leverve, X. M., & Fontaine, E. M. (2011) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.15 · Cited by 84
“Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress has been shown to induce mitochondrial permeability transition and subsequent cell death in human endothelial cells.(11) Concerning pancreatic-derived cells, CsA has been shown to inhibit Ca2þ -induced PTP opening in permeabilized INS-1 and MIN-6 cells.”
Self-citationFabbri, F., Carloni, S., Brigliadori, G., Zoli, W., Lapalombella, R., & Marini, M. (2006) · BMC Cell Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2121-7-6 · Cited by 75
“For this preliminary experiment we used a concentration of 1 µM [ 39 ].”
MethodTang, K., Qin, W., Wei, R.-Y., Jiang, Y.-Y., Fan, L., Wang, Z., & Tan, N. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106123 · Cited by 74
Treatment of the Fluoroquinolone‐Associated Disability: The Pathobiochemical Implications
Michalak, K. P., Sobolewska-Włodarczyk, A., Włodarczyk, M., Sobolewska, J., Woźniak, P., & Sobolewski, B. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/8023935 · Cited by 76
“Cyclosporine A and metformin are postulated to be able to close PTPs [102, 103] and protect against OS [102, 104–106]; thus, it is an interesting substance for possible FQAD treatment.”
BackgroundMaillard Reaction, mitochondria and oxidative stress: Potential role of antioxidants
Edeas, M. A., Attaf, D., Mailfert, A.-S., Nasu, M., & Joubet, R. (2009) · Pathologie Biologie · doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2009.09.011 · Cited by 74
Cognitive Impairment in Frail Hypertensive Elderly Patients: Role of Hyperglycemia
Mone, P., Gambardella, J., Pansini, A., Donato, A. D., Martinelli, G., Boccalone, E., Matarese, A., Frullone, S., & Santulli, G. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082115 · Cited by 72
Metformin overdose causes platelet mitochondrial dysfunction in humans
Protti, A., Lecchi, A., Fortunato, F., Artoni, A., Greppi, N., Vecchio, S., Fagiolari, G., Moggio, M. G., Comi, G. P., Mistraletti, G., et al. (2012) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11663 · Cited by 71
“Others have observed, usually in vitro, that metformin overdose can alter mitochondrial activity in several other tissues including animal cerebral cortex [19], pancreatic beta cells [20], neutrophils [21] and oocytes [22] and human endothelial [23], carcinoma-derived (KB) [24] and adrenal [25] cells.”
BackgroundSub-nanoliter metabolomics via mass spectrometry to characterize volume-limited samples
Li, Y., Bouza, M., Wu, C., Guo, H., Huang, D., Doron, G., Temenoff, J. S., Stecenko, A. A., Wang, Z. L., & Fernández, F. M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19444-y · Cited by 67
Metformin raises hydrogen sulfide tissue concentrations in various mouse organs
Wiliński, B., Wiliński, J., Somogyi, E., Piotrowska, J., & Opoka, W. (2013) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71053-3 · Cited by 67
“Metformin prevented high-glucose-induced cell death in endothelium [5].”
BackgroundMetformin protects primary rat hepatocytes against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis
de la Rosa, L. C., Vrenken, T. E., Buist‐Homan, M., Faber, K. N., & Moshage, H. J. (2015) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.125 · Cited by 66
Cardiovascular impact of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes
Triggle, C. R., & Ding, H. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622314546125 · Cited by 67
“A direct mitochondrial action may also explain the ability of metformin to inhibit glucose-induced endothelial cell death via inhibiting the opening of permeability transition pore; in this regard the effects of metformin are comparable to those of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine [Detaille et al. 2005].”
ResultReed, S., Taka, E., Darling‐Reed, S., & Soliman, K. F. A. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14141064 · Cited by 76
“By mitigating oxidative stress, metformin decreases lipid peroxidation, thereby preserving neuronal cell membranes’ integrity and preventing cell death [198].”
Metformin as an adjuvant in breast cancer treatment
Roshan, M. H. K., Shing, Y. K., & Pace, N. P. (2019) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312119865114 · Cited by 63
The mechanism by which imeglimin inhibits gluconeogenesis in rat liver cells
Vial, G., Lamarche, F., Cottet‐Rousselle, C., Hallakou‐Bozec, S., Borel, A., & Fontaine, E. M. (2021) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.211 · Cited by 65
Self-citationMetformin overdose, but not lactic acidosis per se, inhibits oxygen consumption in pigs
Protti, A., Fortunato, F., Monti, M., Vecchio, S., Gatti, S., Comi, G. P., Giuseppe, R. D., & Gattinoni, L. (2012) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11332 · Cited by 64
“In vitro, it dose-dependently inhibits mitochondrial function even in cells other than hepatocytes [27-32].”
BackgroundDrahota, Z., Páleníčková, E., Endlicher, R., Milerová, M., Brejchová, J., Vošahlíková, M., Svoboda, P., Kazdova, L., Kalous, M., Červinková, Z., et al. (2014) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932600 · Cited by 64
“Phenformin increases the resistance of mitochondrial permeability pore to Ca2+ Several reports indicate that biguanides can modify the function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (Detaille et al. 2005, Guigas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundVDAC: old protein with new roles in diabetes
Sasaki, K., Donthamsetty, R., Heldak, M., Cho, Y.-E., Scott, B. T., & Makino, A. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00087.2012 · Cited by 61
Barreto‐Torres, G., Hernández, J. S., Jang, S., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Torres‐Ramos, C. A., Basnakian, A. G., & Javadov, S. A. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2014 · Cited by 62
“Beneficial effects of AMPK activation by various pharmacological agents are mostly mediated through mitochondrial mechanisms, in particular, the inhibition of PTP opening (4, 6, 10).”
BackgroundWu, P., Yan, Y., Ma, L., Hou, B., He, Y., Zhang, L., Niu, Z., Song, J.-K., Pang, X.-C., Yang, X., et al. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.712703 · Cited by 63
Katila, N., Bhurtel, S., Park, P., & Choi, D. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105120 · Cited by 61
Antidiabetic drug metformin alleviates endotoxin-induced fulminant liver injury in mice
Yuan, H., Li, L., Zheng, W., Wan, J., Ge, P., Li, H., & Zhang, L. (2012) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.01.015 · Cited by 59
Effects of imeglimin on mitochondrial function, AMPK activity, and gene expression in hepatocytes
Hozumi, K., Sugawara, K., Ishihara, T., Ishihara, N., & Ogawa, W. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27689-y · Cited by 62
Red ginseng abrogates oxidative stress via mitochondria protection mediated by LKB1-AMPK pathway
Dong, G.-Z., Jang, E. J., Kang, S. H., Cho, I. J., Park, S., Kim, S. C., & Kim, Y. W. (2013) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-13-64 · Cited by 58
“This crucial role is supported by increases in cell survival upon treatment with the AMPK activators metformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) [9,10].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Detaille, D., Guigas, B., Chauvin, C., Batandier, C., Fontaine, E., Wiernsperger, N., & Leverve, X.
- Affiliations
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale EMI-0221, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- Inserm (FR)
- Merck Serono S.A.S. (France) (FR)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-07-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2179-2187
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2163301537
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- metformin, mitochondrial permeability transition pore, endothelial cell death, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, cyclosporine, cytochrome c release, apoptosis, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, N-acetylcysteine, diabetic vascular complications, type 2 diabetes, microvascular endothelial cells
- MeSH terms
- Cell Line, Endothelium, Vascular, Glucose, Humans, Metformin, Microcirculation, Mitochondria, Permeability, Skin, Cell Death
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