Hypoglycemm Increases the Gastric Emptying Rate in Healthy Subjects
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To compare the gastric emptying rate during normoglycemia with that during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In eight healthy subjects, the rate of gastric emptying of an isotope-labeled meal was assessed by a scintigraphic technique during normoglycemia and hypoglycemia, both controlled by an insulin-glucose clamp. RESULTS: The mean time taken to empty 50% of the test meal from the stomach (Tg0) for the solid phase was 43.0 ± 20.0 min during normoglycemia, compared with 16.3 ± 6.6 min during hypoglycemia, P < 0.001. The mean T50 for the liquid phase was 38.0 ± 21.2 and 15.4 ± 10.6 min, respectively, P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases the gastric emptying rate in healthy subjects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Low blood glucose accelerates gastric emptying in healthy individuals.
“An elevation of blood glucose concentrations, even including concentrations within the physiologic range, reduces the GER in healthy subjects (16), and hypoglycemia increases the GER (17,18).”
From Effect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects (2007) · cites this paper as [17]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Franz, M. J., Bantle, J. P., Beebe, C. A., Brunzell, J. D., Chiasson, J.-L., Garg, A., Holzmeister, L. A., Hoogwerf, B., Mayer-Davis, E., Mooradian, A. D., et al. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.1.148 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Relationships of Upper Gastrointestinal Motor and Sensory Function With Glycemic Control
Rayner, C. K., Samsom, M., Jones, K. L., & Horowitz, M. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.2.371 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms
I˙meryüz, N., Yeğen, B. Ç., Bozkurt, A., Coşkun, T., Villanueva-Peñacarrillo, M. L., & Ulusoy, N. B. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.4.g920 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Gastric emptying in diabetes: clinical significance and treatment
Horowitz, M., O’Donovan, D., Jones, K. L., Feinle, C., Rayner, C. K., & Samsom, M. (2002) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00658.x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Effect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects
Hlebowicz, J., Darwiche, G., Björgell, O., & Almér, L.-O. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1552 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Vella, A. V., Bock, G., Giesler, P. D., Burton, D. B., Serra, D. B., Ligueros‐Saylan, M., Dunning, B. E., Foley, J. E., Rizza, R. A., & Camilleri, M. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0136 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Haidar, A., Tsoukas, M. A., Bernier-Twardy, S., Yale, J., Rutkowski, J., Bossy, A., Pytka, E., Fathi, A. E., Strauss, N., & Legault, L. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1922 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Kielgast, U., Holst, J. J., & Madsbad, S. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1790 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Darwiche, G., Almér, L. O., Björgell, O., Cederholm, C., & Nilsson, P. (1999) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/jum.1999.18.10.673 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Russo, A., Stevens, J. E., Chen, R., Gentilcore, D., Burnet, R., Horowitz, M., & Jones, K. L. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0513 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pramlintide and the treatment of diabetes: a review of the data since its introduction
Younk, L. M., Mikeladze, M., & Davis, S. N. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.581663 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lodefalk, M., Åman, J., & Bang, P. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02530.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetic Gastroparesis: Diagnosis and Management
Ma, J., Rayner, C. K., Jones, K. L., & Horowitz, M. (2009) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200969080-00003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Pilichiewicz, A. N., O’Donovan, D., Feinle, C., Lei, Y., Wishart, J. M., Bryant, L. K., Meyer, J. H., Horowitz, M., & Jones, K. L. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030199 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hlebowicz, J., Darwiche, G., Björgell, O., & Almér, L.-O. (2007) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-7-46 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Inhibition of Gastric Emptying
Young, A. (2005) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(05)52006-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Olausson, E. A., Alpsten, M., Larsson, A., Mattsson, H., Andersson, H. A., & Attvall, S. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.12.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Amylin-mediated control of glycemia, energy balance, and cognition
Mietlicki‐Baase, E. G. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.034 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Vella, A. V., Bock, G., Giesler, P. D., Burton, D. B., Serra, D. B., Ligueros‐Saylan, M., Deacon, C. F., Foley, J. E., Rizza, R. A., & Camilleri, M. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03235.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Nguyen, N. Q., Ching, K. J., Fraser, R. J., Chapman, M. J., & Holloway, R. H. (2007) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0869-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fischer-Tlustos, A. J., Lopez, A., Hare, K. S., Wood, K. M., & Steele, M. A. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2020-0149 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ghrelin and motilin: two sides of one coin?
Folwaczny, C., Chang, J., & Tschöp, M. (2001) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.144r001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and gastric emptying: questions and issues in clinical practice
Samsom, M., Bharucha, A. E., Gerich, J. E., Herrmann, K., Limmer, J., Linke, R., Maggs, D. G., Schirra, J. R. J., Vella, A. V., Wörle, H., et al. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.974 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Brainstem sensing of meal-related signals in energy homeostasis
Young, A. A. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Husband, A., Crawford, S. G., McCoy, L. A., & Pacaud, D. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00558.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Riediger, T. (2012) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665112000778 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Plummer, M. P., Jones, K. L., Annink, C. E., Cousins, C. E., Meier, J. J., Chapman, M. J., Horowitz, M., & Deane, A. M. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1813 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diabetic gastroparesis—Backwards and forwards
Chang, J., Rayner, C. K., Jones, K. L., & Horowitz, M. (2011) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06573.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Andrews, J. M., Rayner, C. K., Doran, S., Hebbard, G. S., & Horowitz, M. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.4.g797 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Delayed gastric emptying rate in Type 1 diabetics with cardiac autonomic neuropathy
Darwiche, G., Almér, L., Björgell, O., Cederholm, C., & Nilsson, P. (2001) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(00)00143-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Upper gastrointestinal function and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus
Chaikomin, R. (2006) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i35.5611 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal symptoms and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal population study
Quan, C., Talley, N. J., Jones, M. P., Howell, S. C., & Horowitz, M. (2008) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0b013e3282f5f734 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Glucose homeostasis and the gastrointestinal tract: insights into the treatment of diabetes
Maggs, D. G., Macdonald, I. A., & Nauck, M. A. (2007) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00737.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hypoglycaemia and gastric emptying
Marathe, C. S., Marathe, J. A., Rayner, C. K., Kar, P., Jones, K. L., & Horowitz, M. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13570 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gastric Emptying Scans: Poor Adherence to National Guidelines
Wise, J. L., Vázquez‐Roque, M. I., McKinney, C. J., Zickella, M., Crowell, M. D., & Lacy, B. E. (2020) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06314-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vermeulen, M. A. R., Richir, M. C., Garretsen, M. K., van Schie, A., Ghatei, M. A., Holst, J. J., Heijboer, A. C., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Diamant, M., Eekhoff, E. M. W., et al. (2011) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.10.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Souza, M. A. N., de Souza, M. H. L. P., Palheta, R. C., Cruz, P. R., Medeiros, B. A., Rola, F. H., Magalhães, P. J. C., Troncon, L. E. A., & dos Santos, A. A. (2009) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.90176.2008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perano, S. J., Rayner, C. K., Couper, J., Martin, J., & Horowitz, M. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.06.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diabetic gastroparesis: Therapeutic options
Alam, U., Asghar, O., & Malik, R. A. (2010) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-010-0010-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nutrition therapy for diabetic gastroparesis
Gentilcore, D., O’Donovan, D., Jones, K. L., & Horowitz, M. (2003) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-003-0087-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hatorp, V., & Thomsen, M. S. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/00912700022008720 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aigner, L., Becker, B., Gerken, S., Quast, D. R., Meier, J. J., & Nauck, M. A. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1660 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Role of the Gut on Glucose Homeostasis: Lesson Learned from Metabolic Surgery
Kamvissi, V., Raffaelli, M., Bornstein, S. R., & Mingrone, G. (2017) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-017-0642-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Postprandial blood glucose response in relation to gastric emptying and satiety in healthy subjects
Hlebowicz, J. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.06.014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Recent advances in the physiology of eating
French, S., & Castiglione, K. E. (2002) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2002190 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yu, O., & Ouyang, A. (1997) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1018877318101 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Murthy, T. A., Grivell, J., Hatzinikolas, S., Chapple, L. S., Chapman, M. J., Stevens, J. E., Malbert, C., Rayner, C. K., Horowitz, M., Jones, K. L., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa854 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hjelland, I. E., Oveland, N. P., Leversen, K., Berstad, A., & Hausken, T. (2005) · Digestion · doi:10.1159/000087600 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Antecedent Hypoglycemia Does Not Attenuate the Acceleration of Gastric Emptying by Hypoglycemia
Kar, P., Jones, K. L., Plummer, M. P., Abdelhamid, Y. A., Giersch, E. J., Summers, M. J., Hatzinikolas, S., Heller, S. R., Horowitz, M., & Deane, A. M. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00051 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fano, M. D., Porcellati, F., Fanelli, C. G., Corio, S., Mazzieri, A., Lucidi, P., Bolli, G. B., & Bassotti, G. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110828 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peddyreddy, M. (2006) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i16.2593 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Emerging Facet of Diabetes Mellitus: The Nexus of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Modi, S., Gaggatur, N. S., Sange, A. H., Srinivas, N., Sarnaik, M. K., Hassan, M., Gajjela, H., & Sange, I. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18245 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Warner, S. O., Dai, Y., SHEANON, N. M., Yao, M. V., Cason, R. L., Arbabi, S., Patel, S. B., Lindquist, D. M., & Winnick, J. J. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.169789 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of insulin on small intestinal transit in normal mice is independent of blood glucose level
Reddy, P. M. K., Dkhar, S. A., & Subramanian, R. (2006) · BMC Pharmacology · doi:10.1186/1471-2210-6-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A paracetamol-pasta test for assessing gastric emptying in healthy and diabetic subjects
Johansson, U., ESKILS, J., Adamson, U., Elwin, C., Wredling, R., & Lins, P. E. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510308574 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Physiology of the Antral Pump and Gastric Emptying
Rayner, C. K., Hebbard, G., & Horowitz, M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382026-6.00035-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nasal lymphatic obstruction of CSF drainage as a possible cause of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
Phillips, W. T., & Schwartz, J. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1482255 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schvarcz, E., Palmér, M., Åman, J., & Berne, C. (1997) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s005920050073 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationNormal Glucose Metabolism and Responses to Hypoglycaemia
Macdonald, I. A., & King, P. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118695432.ch1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Erbaş, İ. M., Abacı, A., Anık, A., Şimşek, E., Tuhan, H., Koçyiğit, C., Yıldız, M., Dündar, B. N., Böber, E., & Çatlı, G. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13077 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Simpson, E. J., Althubeati, S., Cordon, S. M., Hoad, C. L., Bush, D., Eldeghaidy, S., Gowland, P. A., Macdonald, I. A., & Lobo, D. N. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.07.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 and impaired counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes
Rocha, G. R., & de Melo, F. F. (2024) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.99928 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Alcohol and Other Drugs
Jones, A. W. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-222-9_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Phillips, W. T., & Schwartz, J. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1380632 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nutritional Management in Type 1 Diabetes
Beebe, C. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-310-1_14 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of adrenalectomy and adrenal enucleation on liquid gastric emptying in rats
Ronsini, M. L., & Collares, E. F. (2000) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2000000900009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Glucose homeostasis and the gastrointestinal tract
Veedfald, S., Albrechtsen, N. J. W., & Holst, J. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-849886-6.00023-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Opposing glucose set points hypothesis of essential hypertension
Phillips, W. T. (2005) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.08.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Insight into Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Polyphenol Rich (Catechin, Epicatechin) Tamarind Seeds
Sole, S. (2015) · BAOJ Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.24947/2380-5552/1/3/114 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diabetic gastroparesis: Therapeutic options
Alam, U., Asghar, O., & Malik, R. A. (2010) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-010-002-82010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jones, A. W. (2004) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-654-6_12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cryer, P. E., & Frier, B. M. (2004) · International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.1002/0470862092.d0707 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Variation in gastric emptying scintigraphy protocols in Australia and New Zealand: An online survey
Angelidakis, I. N., Blefari, C., & Jones, K. L. (2025) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2025.102015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PERIPHERAL AND CENTRALLY MEDIATED EFFECTS OF INSULIN ON SMALL INTESTINAL TRANSIT IN HEALTHY MICE
Peddyreddy, M., & Rao, K. (2006) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04427.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Relationship among Glycemic, Small Intestinal Transit and Insulinemic States in Normal Mice
Reddy, P. M. K. (2006) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jones, K. L., Marathe, C. S., Wu, T., Rayner, C. K., & Horowitz, M. (2023) · Contemporary diabetes · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15613-7_27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Santiago-Maldonado, I. M., & Phillips, W. T. (2007) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.rlu.0000255028.99539.d3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN SOBRE EL VACIADO GÁSTRICO DE BEBIDAS DEPORTIVAS DURANTE EL EJERCICIO
López-Román, F. J., Gonzálvez, A. B. M., Luque, A., Mulero, F., & Contreras, J. M. (2005) · Archivos de medicina del deporte: revista de la Federación Española de Medicina del Deporte y de la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina del Deporte · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Estudio gammagráfico del ritmo de vaciado gástrico de bebidas de reposición en deportistas
Gonzálvez, A. B. M., de la Rosa, J. N., Gascón, F. S., García, J. A. V., Aniorte, F. M., & Gutiérrez, J. C. (2005) · Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear · doi:10.1157/13070353 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanismen der Magenentleerung bei Diabetes mellitus
Wawarta, R. (2005) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.3050
Glycaemic Response in Relation to Gastric Emptying and Satiety in Health and Disease
Hlebowicz, J. (2008) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Baragob, A. E. A., Almalki, W. H., Shahid, I., Hegazy, R. M., Khojali, S. M., & Abdella, S. (2013) · Pharmacology & Pharmacy · doi:10.4236/pp.2013.46067
Adolescent type 1 diabetes : Eating and gastrointestinal function
Lodefalk, M. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Souza, M. A. N., de Souza, M. H. L. P., Palheta, R. C., Cruz, P. R., dos Santos, A. A., Okoba, W., Campos, C. P. S., de Oliveira, R. B., da Silva, T. B. A., de Sousa, D. F., et al. (2015)
Glucose metabolism in the critically ill.
Deane, A. (2012) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Does age delay gastric emptying? Ultrasound reveals altered dynamics in the aged population
Yang, K., Huang, T., Yu, L., Tang, Y., Li, B., Zhao, G., & Long, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1786573
Turk, N., Yandle, E., Yang, J., Esquivel, M. M., Azagury, D. E., Moradi, F., & McLaughlin, T. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag376
- Authors
- Schvarcz, E., Palmér, M., Åman, J., & Berne, C.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University Hospital (SE)
- Uppsala University Hospital (SE)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1995-05-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 674-676
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W1989659505
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
- Keywords
- hypoglycemia, gastric emptying, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, gastric emptying rate
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Infusions, Intravenous, Insulin, Male, Reference Values, Time Factors, Glucose Clamp Technique
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
