Effect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects
Open accessAbstract
Background Previous studies of patients with type 2 diabetes showed that cinnamon lowers fasting serum glucose, triacylglycerol, and LDL- and total cholesterol concentrations.Objective We aimed to study the effect of cinnamon on the rate of gastric emptying, the postprandial blood glucose response, and satiety in healthy subjects.Design The gastric emptying rate (GER) was measured by using standardized real-time ultrasonography. Fourteen healthy subjects were assessed by using a crossover trial. The subjects were examined after an 8-h fast if they had normal fasting blood glucose concentrations. GER was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15-90 min after ingestion of 300 g rice pudding (GER1) or 300 g rice pudding and 6 g cinnamon (GER2).Results The median value of GER1 was 37%, and that of GER2 was 34.5%. The addition of cinnamon to the rice pudding significantly delayed gastric emptying and lowered the postprandial glucose response (P < 0.05 for both). The reduction in the postprandial blood glucose concentration was much more noticeable and pronounced than was the lowering of the GER. The effect of cinnamon on satiety was not significant.Conclusions The intake of 6 g cinnamon with rice pudding reduces postprandial blood glucose and delays gastric emptying without affecting satiety. Inclusion of cinnamon in the diet lowers the postprandial glucose response, a change that is at least partially explained by a delayed GER.
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- Findingown data
In healthy subjects, consuming 300 g rice pudding with 6 g cinnamon produced a significantly lower postprandial blood glucose response at 15, 30, and 45 minutes than the same rice pudding without cinnamon.
“Ingestion of rice pudding with cinnamon resulted in a significantly (P 0.05) lower blood glucose response in the postprandial phase (15, 30, and 45 min) than did the reference meal (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy subjects, ingestion of the cinnamon rice pudding resulted in significantly lower gastric emptying rates than the reference rice pudding.
“The ingestion of cinnamon resulted in significantly (P 0.05) lower GERs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy subjects, the blood glucose areas under the curve from 0-30, 0-45, 0-60, 0-90, and 0-120 minutes were significantly lower after the cinnamon rice pudding than after the reference rice pudding.
“The blood glucose AUCs at 0 -30, 0 -45, 0 -60, 0 -90, and 0 -120 min were significantly (P 0.05) lower after ingestion of rice pudding with cinnamon than after ingestion of the reference meal (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy subjects, the cinnamon rice pudding did not significantly prolong satiety at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, or 120 minutes compared with the reference rice pudding.
“Ingestion of rice pudding with cinnamon did not result in significantly longer satiety (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min) than that seen with the reference meal of rice pudding (Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy subjects, satiety score areas under the curve at 0-15, 0-30, 0-45, 0-60, 0-90, and 0-120 minutes were not significantly different between the cinnamon and reference rice puddings.
“The AUCs at 0 -15, 0 -30, 0 -45, 0 -60, 0 -90, and 0 -120 min for satiety were not significantly longer after ingestion of rice pudding with cinnamon than after ingestion of rice pudding only (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In healthy subjects, there were no significant differences in gastric antral cross-sectional area at 15 minutes between the cinnamon and reference rice puddings.
“There were no significant differences between gastric antral cross-sectional areas at 15 min.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy subjects, the median antral cross-sectional area 90 minutes after the cinnamon rice pudding was significantly larger than 90 minutes after the reference rice pudding.
“The median gastric antral cross-sectional areas were significantly (P 0.05) larger 90 min after ingestion of rice pudding with added cinnamon than 90 min after ingestion of rice pudding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy subjects, the blood glucose area under the curve from 0-15 minutes did not differ significantly between the cinnamon and reference rice puddings.
“However, the AUCs at 0 -15 min did not differ significantly between the test and reference meals (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Altered gastric emptying by itself cannot fully explain why cinnamon lowered postprandial glucose.
“Therefore, it should be assumed that the change in GER itself could not be the only reason for the lower blood glucose response after the addition of cinnamon to the meal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The same study reported that cinnamon acts directly against diabetes in rats by raising plasma insulin.
“The same study shows that cinnamon has a direct antidiabetic effect by increasing insulin concentrations in plasma (12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Verspohl, 2005, Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zelanicum in vivo and in vitro, Phytother Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In type 2 diabetes patients, adding cinnamon to the diet for 40 days at 1, 3, or 6 g has been reported to lower fasting glucose, triacylglycerol, and total and LDL cholesterol.
“Cinnamon has been shown to reduce fasting serum glucose, triacylglycerol, and total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes when it is added to the diet for 40 d in doses of 1, 3, or 6 g (3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Khan, 2003, Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
A fall in gastric emptying may account for part of the lower postprandial glucose seen with cinnamon.
“This finding could indicate that the reduction in the postprandial blood glucose response seen after the ingestion of cinnamon could be partly explained by an accompanying reduction in gastric emptying, because the rate of gastric emptying acts as a major factor in blood glucose homeostasis in normal subjects by controlling the delivery of carbohydrate to the small intestine (6, 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] Horowitz, 1993, Relationship between oral glucose tolerance and gastric emptying in normal healthy subjects, Diabetologia source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Blair, 1991, The effect of laboratory stressors on glycemic control and gastrointestinal transit time, Psychosom Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy people, raising blood glucose even within normal limits slows gastric emptying.
“An elevation of blood glucose concentrations, even including concentrations within the physiologic range, reduces the GER in healthy subjects (16), and hypoglycemia increases the GER (17,18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Schvarcz, 1997, Physiological hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying in normal subjects and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Gastroenterology source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Several spices and teas, including allspice, cinnamon, bay leaf, cloves, nutmeg, witch hazel, oregano, and black and green tea, have demonstrated insulin-like biological activity.
“Allspice, cinnamon, bay leaf, cloves, nutmeg, witch hazel, oregano, and black and green tea have been shown to have an insulin-like biological activity (1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Broadhurst, 2000, Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medical plant aqueous extracts in vitro, J Agric Food Chem source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Gastric emptying is a key determinant of blood glucose control in normal subjects because it governs how quickly carbohydrate reaches the small intestine.
“because the rate of gastric emptying acts as a major factor in blood glucose homeostasis in normal subjects by controlling the delivery of carbohydrate to the small intestine (6, 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] Horowitz, 1993, Relationship between oral glucose tolerance and gastric emptying in normal healthy subjects, Diabetologia source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Blair, 1991, The effect of laboratory stressors on glycemic control and gastrointestinal transit time, Psychosom Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Low blood glucose accelerates gastric emptying in healthy individuals.
“An elevation of blood glucose concentrations, even including concentrations within the physiologic range, reduces the GER in healthy subjects (16), and hypoglycemia increases the GER (17,18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The non-significant satiety result may be attributable to the small sample size.
“The data suggest slightly greater satiety at each timepoint after ingestion of cinnamon, but there were no significant differences in satiety, probably because of the low number of study subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Among these, cinnamon has displayed the greatest bioactivity.
“Of these substances, cinnamon has been shown to have the highest bioactivity (1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Broadhurst, 2000, Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medical plant aqueous extracts in vitro, J Agric Food Chem source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Prior work indicates that cinnamon enhances insulin receptor function through activation of PI 3-kinase and inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases.
“In fact, cinnamon has been shown to improve insulin receptor function by activating insulin receptor PI 3-kinase and inhibiting tyrosine phosphates (8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Imparl-Radosevich, 1998, Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling, Horm Res
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 12
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAdding cinnamon to the rice pudding was tolerated well; no participant reported discomfort or nausea after the meal.
“In the present study, the rice pudding with added cinnamon was well tolerated, and none of the subjects reported any discomfort or postprandial nausea.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn 3 of the 14 healthy subjects, the antral cross-sectional area at 90 minutes was larger than at 15 minutes, resulting in a negative gastric emptying rate.
“If there is a substantial inhibition of gastric emptying, one could expect a 90-min antral area wider than a 15-min antral area and thereby a negative GER, which was the case in 3 of the participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCinnamon produced somewhat higher satiety ratings at every measured time, though these differences were not statistically significant.
“The data suggest slightly greater satiety at each timepoint after ingestion of cinnamon, but there were no significant differences in satiety, probably because of the low number of study subjects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn healthy subjects, the median gastric emptying rate was 37% after the reference rice pudding and 34.5% after the rice pudding with cinnamon.
“GER was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15-90 min after ingestion of 300 g rice pudding (GER1) or 300 g rice pudding and 6 g cinnamon (GER2).Results: The median value of GER1 was 37%, and that of GER2 was 34.5%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe marked glucose-lowering effect may have affected the gastric emptying measurements, so the observed delay in emptying and the satiety response could be smaller than they would be otherwise.
“Accordingly, because the reduction in postprandial blood glucose concentrations was prominent, it may well have influenced the results of the GER, giving a less pronounced reduction in gastric emptying and less postmeal satiety than would otherwise be expected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationSatiety was measured with a validated scale following the method of Hauber et al.
“A validated satiety score scale was used according to the method of Hauber et al (5) on the basis of a scoring system with grades from Ҁ10 (extreme hunger) to 10 (extreme satiety).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Haber, 1997, Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre. Effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin, Lancet
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA study found that rats pretreated with cinnamon had lower blood glucose after a glucose tolerance test.
“A new study shows that rats given cinnamon and then administered a glucose tolerance test had decreased blood glucose concentrations (12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Verspohl, 2005, Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zelanicum in vivo and in vitro, Phytother Res source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataOne radiologist, unaware of which meal was given, carried out all antral measurements.
“The measurements of the gastric antrum were performed by the same radiologist, who was blinded with respect to the meals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe same trial found that glucose and triacylglycerol stayed lower after a 20-day washout following 40 days of cinnamon, suggesting daily intake may not be required.
“The same study showed that, after the consumption of cinnamon for 40 d, the serum concentrations of glucose and triacylglycerol remained lower, even after a 20-d washout period (3), which indicated that it is not necessary to consume cinnamon every day (3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Khan, 2003, Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn rats on a high-fructose diet, cinnamon has been found to prevent insulin resistance by improving insulin signaling, perhaps through skeletal muscle nitric oxide pathways.
“It has been shown that cinnamon prevents the development of insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fructose diet by enhancing the insulin signaling, possibly via the nitric oxide pathway in skeletal muscle (10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Qin, 2004, Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet, Horm Metab Res source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA water-soluble type-A polyphenol polymer isolated from cinnamon has shown insulin-like and antioxidant activity in vitro.
“A water-soluble polyphenol typ-A polymer from cinnamon has been isolated and shown in vitro to have insulin-like activity as well as an antioxidant effect (2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Anderson, 2004, Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity, J Agric Food Chem source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn healthy volunteers, hypoglycemia induced by insulin has been shown to speed gastric emptying and increase the amount of meat soup consumed.
“It has also been shown that insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases botht he gastric emptying and the drinking capacity of meat soup in healthy volunteers (19).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Hjelland, 2005, Insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulates gastric vagal activity and motor function without increasing cardiac vagal activity, Digestion source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFollowing a meal, food first stays in the fundus and is later moved in portions to the antrum.
“After meal ingestion, the food initially remains in the proximal part of the stomach (fundus) (13) and is then delivered in portions to the distal stomach (eg, antrum) (14,15).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [13] Collins, 1991, Role of the proximal and distal stomach in mixed solid and liquid meal emptying, Gut source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [14] Meyer, 1981, Size of liver particles emptied from the human stomach, Gastroenterology source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] Camilleri, 1985, Relation between antral motility and gastric emptying of solids and liquids in humans, Am J Physiol
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCinnamon is reported to boost insulin receptor activity by raising phosphorylated IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase binding, which increases cellular glucose uptake.
“Cinnamon has also been shown to stimulate the insulin receptor activity by increasing the concentrations of the phosphorylated intracellular protein IRS-1 and increasing the binding to PI 3-kinase, which leads to enhanced cellular glucose uptake (9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Qin, 2003, Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilazation via insulin-regulated glucose utilazation via enhancing insulin signalin in rats, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationGastric emptying was assessed with a standardized ultrasound technique described earlier.
“GER was estimated by using a previously described, standardized ultrasound method (4)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Darwiche, 1999, Measurement of gastric emptying by standardized real-time ultrasonography in healthy subjects and diabetic patients, J Ultrasound Med source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataMeal order was randomized.
“The meals were served in a random order and ingested within 5 min.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataOn the test day, each participant's fasting blood glucose was confirmed to be normal.
“Each subject was checked for a normal fasting blood glucose concentration on the day of the examination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Before this study, cinnamon's impact on gastric emptying was unexamined.
“The effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying has not previously been studied.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cinnamon, a calorie-free herb rich in antioxidants, significantly reduces the postprandial glucose excursion when added to a high-glycemic-index meal, partly by slowing gastric emptying.
“Cinnamon is a calorie-free herb rich in antioxidants that, when added to a high-glycemic-index meal, significantly reduces the post-prandial glucose excursion, partly by slowing gastric emptying (24).”
From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [24]
The Postprandial blood glucose response section reports significantly lower glucose responses after 6 g of cinnamon was added to rice pudding. The Discussion says slower gastric emptying could partly explain the reduction, but presents that mechanism as a possibility, not an established cause. The Introduction mentions an antioxidant effect of a cinnamon-derived compound in vitro; the copy does not describe cinnamon as calorie-free or establish that the rice pudding was a high-glycemic-index meal. Page numbers were not supplied for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGuava leaf decreases postprandial glucose, an effect attributed to α-amylase, maltase, and sucrase inhibition observed in vitro.
“A clinical study reported it decreases postprandial glucose, an effect attributed to α-amylase, maltase, and sucrase inhibition observed in vitro [208,210].”
From Nutritional Approaches to Enhance GLP-1 Analogue Therapy in Obesity: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [208]
Some published clinical studies have assessed the acute effect of raw cinnamon powder from different cinnamon species on postprandial glycemia.
“As illustrated by all of the above, some published clinical studies have assessed the acute effect of raw cinnamon powder from different cinnamon species on postprandial glycemia.”
The available literature on the acute effect of cinnamon on postprandial glycemia is quite puzzling.
“Regarding the acute effect of cinnamon on postprandial glycemia, the available literature is quite puzzling.”
Cassia cinnamon presented significant effect on glycemic response in 2 studies [30,32].
“cassia cinnamon presented significant effect in 2 studies [30, 32].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Meal calories conflict with the listed macronutrients
MinorThe listed 3 g protein, 16 g carbohydrate, and 4 g fat provide approximately 112 kcal using standard energy values, not the stated 330 kcal. The stated energy percentages are also much closer to a 112-kcal total.
“The total caloric value was 330 kcal”
“10% of energy from protein (3 g), 58% of energy from carbohydrate (16 g), and 32% of energy from fat (4 g).”
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- Authors
- Hlebowicz, J., Darwiche, G., Björgell, O., & Almér, L.-O.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hlebowicz, Joanna
- ORCID
- Hlebowicz, Joanna
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1552-1556
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096971608
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 9.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- cinnamon, postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, satiety, rice pudding, healthy volunteers, type 2 diabetes, dietary intervention, glycemic response
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Plant Extracts, Satiation, Spices, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period
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