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Blockchains everywhere - a use-case of blockchains in the pharma supply-chain
Abstract
Blockchains are on the top of the Gartner Hype Cycle 2016 and many start-ups are integrating blockchains into their technology portfolio. While blockchains have emerged in the context of financial applications, non-financial application areas are of interest as well. In this paper, modum.io is presented, a start-up that uses IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices leveraging blockchain technology to assert data immutability and public accessibility of temperature records, while reducing operational costs in the pharmaceutical supply-chain. The medical industry has many complex and strict environmental control process (e.g., temperature and humidity) to ensure quality control and regulatory compliance over the transport of medical products. The sensor devices monitor the temperature of each parcel during the shipment to fully ensure GDP regulations. All data is transferred to the blockchain where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. As modum.io is not the only non-financial start-up working with blockchains, a list of areas and other start-ups is provided that aim to reduce bureaucracy, distribute the infrastructure, and saving costs using blockchains.
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“From the data in Tables 567, other important possible objectives, achievable through the adoption of the blockchain technology, can be highlighted: regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical supply chains [78], right supply-demand matching in agricultural supply chains [81], and alignment of information sharing among supply chain actors [83].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Some of them propose new platforms just at a concept level [45,51,52,75,77,83,84,88,89,91], some of them present proofs of their concepts [76,79,81], and only three of them present a real implementation based on real blockchains: [78,80,82].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Papers [78,82] also propose real implementations, but based on existing blockchains: Ethereum [78] and Ethereum and Hyperledger [82].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Ethereum”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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Items 101–200 of 564
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Perspectives on emerging directions in using IoT devices in blockchain applications
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A semi-autonomous distributed blockchain-based framework for UAVs system
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Lustenberger, M., Malešević, S., & Spychiger, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2021.720454 · Cited by 67
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BackgroundBlockchains for Secure Digitized Medicine
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“Some regulations were developed in order to address concerns about patient’s privacy, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe.”
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Bapatla, A. K., Mohanty, S. P., Kougianos, E., et al. (2022) · IET Networks · doi:10.1049/ntw2.12041 · Cited by 56
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“…and streamline slow, lower tier manual processes (Wang et al. 2019) and can provide managers with improved visibility across supply chain processes and improved product traceability (Tian 2016) and transparency during procurement, production and fulfilment (Bocek et al. 2017; Casey and Wong 2017).”
BackgroundBlockchain And The Future of the Internet: A Comprehensive ReviewPreprint
Hassan, F. U., Ali, A., Rahouti, M., Latif, S., Kanhere, S. S., Singh, J. P., AlaAl-Fuqaha, Janjua, U., Mian, A. N., Qadir, J., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.00733 · Cited by 87
“In [133], a system named modum.io 20 has been presented, which utilizes blockchain-based IoT devices to ensure the immutability of the transactions related to physical products and facilitates in the regularization of the supply-chain management process in the various fields.”
MethodSelective Blockchain Transaction Pruning and State Derivability
Palm, E., Schelén, O., & Bodin, U. (2018) · Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT) · doi:10.1109/cvcbt.2018.00009 · Cited by 53
“The release of Bitcoin at the end of 2008 [1] marked the beginning of a major technological trend, which has grown to encompass a plethora of derivatives and alternatives [2] [3].”
BackgroundBlockchain-based smart contract for international business – a framework
Sinha, D., & Chowdhury, S. R. (2021) · Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing · doi:10.1108/jgoss-06-2020-0031 · Cited by 33
An Architecture for Biometric Electronic Identification Document System Based on Blockchain †
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“All the participant nodes in a Blockchain have access to the information registered at any time, in this way, if a node is being attacked, the other members of the network could detect it and reject the fake block avoiding fraudulent transactions [8,9].”
BackgroundIntegration of blockchain and Internet of Things: challenges and solutions
Zafar, S., Bhatti, K. M., Shabbir, M., Hashmat, F., & Akbar, A. H. (2021) · Annals of Telecommunications · doi:10.1007/s12243-021-00858-8 · Cited by 51
A trustworthy industrial data management scheme based on redactable blockchain
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Blockchain technology and IoT-edge framework for sharing healthcare services
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“Bocek et al. (2017) studied a traceability system that uses IoT sensors and BC technology to ensure data integrity and public access to temperature measurements in the pharmaceutical supply chain.”
BackgroundModeling and analysis of port supply chain system based on Fabric blockchain
Gao, N., Han, D., Weng, T., Xia, B., Li, D., Castiglione, A., & Li, K. (2022) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108527 · Cited by 48
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Smart contracts on the blockchain - A bibliometric analysis and reviewPreprint
Ante, L. (2020) · Telematics and informatics · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3576393 · Cited by 227
“Other studies with lower factor loadings focus on the preservation of digital records (Lemieux 2016), supply chain management (S. Chen et al. 2017), pharma supply chains (Bocek et al. 2017) or healthcare use cases in general (Hölbl et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInternet of Things in pharma industry: possibilities and challenges
Singh, M., Sachan, S., Singh, A., & Singh, K. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819593-2.00007-8 · Cited by 48
Blockchain technology in pharmaceutical supply chains: a transaction cost perspective
Gruchmann, T., Elgazzar, S., & Ali, A. (2023) · Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications · doi:10.1108/mscra-10-2022-0023 · Cited by 35
Are smart contracts too smart for Supply Chain 4.0? A blockchain framework to mitigate challenges
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A security framework for Ethereum smart contracts
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“…related to Bitcoin [2] and also because of all their potential applications, such as: identity management [3] [4], electronic voting [5] [6], banking and financial services [7], supply chain [8], IoT [9], online gaming [10] [11], digital coupons [12] and medical information [13] for example.”
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“As for the potential applications and cases of the use of smart contracts are very varied but their decentralised nature, speed, automation, absence of intermediaries, and transparency make them particularly suitable in different sectors, such as: identity management [3,4], electronic voting [5,6], banking and financi…”
Smart contract diffusion in the pharmaceutical blockchain: the battle of counterfeit drugs
Kordestani, A. A., Oghazi, P., & Mostaghel, R. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113646 · Cited by 46
Framework for determining the suitability of blockchain: Criteria and issues to consider
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Towards Cross-Blockchain Smart Contracts
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“hoice of technology afterwards can incur significant costs. For instance, blockchains and especially smart contracts have been frequently named as facilitators of future supply chain processes, e.g., [5, 19, 24]. In such a scenario, blockchains are used to store data about the progress within a supply chain, and smart…”
BackgroundBlockchain-based Smart-IoT Trust Zone Measurement Architecture
Ali, J., Syed, T. A., Alsaawy, Y., Khalid, A. S., & Musa, S. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Omni-layer Intelligent Systems (COINS) · doi:10.1145/3312614.3312646 · Cited by 43
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“Bocek et al. (2017) addressed how blockchain can be applied to the pharmaceutical industry to ensure quality control and regulatory compliance over the transportation of medical products, where sensor devices are used to ascertain data immutability and public accessibility of temperature records.”
BackgroundAnalysis of critical success factors for blockchain technology implementation in healthcare sector
Bali, S., Bali, V., Mohanty, R. P., & Gaur, D. (2022) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-07-2021-0433 · Cited by 47
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“Another prominent application of permissioned blockchains is supply-chain management applications for tracing and ensuring the quality of different products from food to pharma industries [7, 38].”
BackgroundSecurity and Trust Issues on Digital Supply Chain
Zhang, H., Nakamura, T., & Sakurai, K. (2019) · 2019 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech) · doi:10.1109/dasc/picom/cbdcom/cyberscitech.2019.00069 · Cited by 28
“Blockchain refers to a decentralized architecture consists of increasing numbers of cryptographically linked blocks each of which stores the hash value of previous block [10].”
BackgroundA scheme for intelligent blockchain-based manufacturing industry supply chain management
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BackgroundProof of Transaction (PoTx) Based Traceability System for an Agriculture Supply Chain
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“These are analyzed by considering techniques such as on-chain, off-chain, side-chain, child-chain and inter-chain [27].”
MethodBlockchain in Internet-of-Things: Architecture, Applications and Research Directions
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“As an illustration, it can be used in the pharmaceutical supply chain industry to ensure transportation of the quality and regulatory compliance medical products [13].”
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ChainDiscipline - Towards a Blockchain-IoT-Based Self-Sovereign Identity Management Framework
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Blockchain Traceability in Healthcare: Blood Donation Supply Chain
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“IoT sensors are used that have compatibility with Bluetooth and are designed to transmit data to mobile devices [9], [10].”
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Blockchain concept to combat drug counterfeiting by increasing supply chain visibility
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“Bocek et al. (2017) studied the traceability of medical products through blockchain with attention to temperature and humidity during transportation.”
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Sliding Window Blockchain Architecture for Internet of Things
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“[27] A relational database is used to store the raw IoT data and smart contracts.”
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“However, transaction data privacy is not supported by the Modum.io.”
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“Other highly relevant studies in the stream also consider the use of blockchain for secure and scalable clinical data, medical records or pharma supply-chains (Azaria et al., 2016; Bocek et al., 2017; Dubovitskaya et al., 2017; Xia et al., 2017; Yue et al., 2016; P. Zhang et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBlockchain-Enabled Decentralized Secure Big Data of Remote Sensing
Razzaq, A., Mohsan, S. A. H., Ghayyur, S. A. K., Alsharif, M. H., Alkahtani, H. K., Karim, F. K., & Mostafa, S. M. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11193164 · Cited by 36
Empowering Healthcare With Cyber-Physical System—A Systematic Literature Review
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“There are several comparable blockchain-based models that have been developed in drug traceability, as documented in [199], [200], [201], [202], and [203].”
Blockchain-Powered Smart Healthcare System
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A Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Framework Using Hyperledger Fabric
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SESCF: A Secure and Efficient Supply Chain Framework via Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts
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“[30] proposed that blockchain can be used in various physical fields and took the pharmaceutical supply chain as an example to 2 Security and Communication Networks”
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“Stiller, [5] provided the solution developed by modum.”
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“Moreover, organs as for blood products or other medical products, require stringent transport characteristics such as transport time, temperature for transport, and regulatory transport compliance policies which can be tracked in a DLT (15, 54).”
BackgroundBenefits of Blockchain Initiatives for Value-Based Care: Proposed Framework
Zhang, R., George, A., Kim, J., Johnson, V., & Ramesh, B. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13595 · Cited by 35
Integration of Internet of Things and blockchain toward portability and low‐energy consumption
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“We refer to Modum [58] as an example of an implementation of a supply chain management system applied to Ethereum.”
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Mohammed, A., Almousa, A., Ghaithan, A. M., & Hadidi, L. A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11198835 · Cited by 32
Secure and transparent pharmaceutical supply chain using permissioned blockchain network
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Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: Challenges, Solutions, and Comparisons
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The Use of Blockchains: Application-Driven Analysis of Applicability
Rodrigues, B., Bocek, T., & Stiller, B. (2018) · Advances in computers · doi:10.1016/bs.adcom.2018.03.011 · Cited by 32
Self-citationA survey on the use of blockchains to achieve supply chain security
Islam, M. D. (2023) · Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.is.2023.102232 · Cited by 33
Use of blockchain in designing smart city
Dewan, S., & Singh, L. (2020) · Smart and Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1108/sasbe-06-2019-0078 · Cited by 32
Integrating blockchain into supply chain safeguarded by PUF-enabled RFID
Islam, M. D., Shen, H., & Badsha, S. (2022) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2022.100505 · Cited by 31
Practical Anti-Counterfeit Medicine Management System Based on Blockchain Technology
Pham, H. L., Tran, T. H., & Nakashima, Y. (2019) · Technology Innovation Management and Engineering Science International Conference (TIMES-iCON) · doi:10.1109/times-icon47539.2019.9024674 · Cited by 30
“[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Our proposal”
Implementing pharmaceutical track-and-trace systems: a realist review
Kootstra, J., & Kleinhout‐Vliek, T. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003755 · Cited by 37
Sakshi, Malik, A., & Sharma, A. K. (2023) · Multimedia tools and applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17104-z · Cited by 26
“…law judiciary [50], security and mission scenarios[51], IoT agricultural applications [52] , data storage [53], managing IoT devices [54], internet of energy applications [9, 55, 56], healthcare [22, 57, 58], smart cities [59] , smart living applications [60], industrial processes [61] and so on.”
Cha, S., Baek, S., & Kim, S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3017871 · Cited by 30
“IO AG [19] provide a system for monitoring the Cold Channing system by introducing IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices when transporting medical products.”
MethodDistributed Ledger Technology Based Integrated Healthcare Solution for Bangladesh
Islam, M. A., Islam, M. A., Jacky, M. A. H., Al-Amin, M., Miah, M. S. U., Khan, M. I., & Hossain, M. I. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3279724 · Cited by 29
Impact of consensus on appendable-block blockchain for IoT
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Neu, C. V., Nunes, H. C., Zorzo, A. F., & Kanhere, S. S. (2019) · EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services (MobiQuitous) · doi:10.1145/3360774.3360798 · Cited by 29
“ith non-repudiation and tamper-resistance data [45]. In the last few years, several blockchain instances have been proposed [4] with different purposes, such as: Domain Name System [46], Supply Chain [9], Vehicular Networks [19] [47] , and Smart Grids [2] [27]. To be used in different domains, these blockchain solutio…”
MethodBlockchain-Based Verifiable Tracking of Resellable Returned Drugs
Debe, M. S., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., & Arshad, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3037363 · Cited by 28
“Another solution that utilizes blockchain for the medical supply chain is modum.io [16], which uses the blockchain along with IoT devices to store medicine records efficiently and securely.”
BackgroundBlockchain Based Counterfeit Medicine Authentication System
Alam, N., Tanvir, M. R. H., Shanto, S. A., Israt, F., Rahman, A., & Momotaj, S. (2021) · IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE) · doi:10.1109/iscaie51753.2021.9431789 · Cited by 33
“[4] had developed a prototype of Ethereum smart contract based drug supply chain traceability system [7], without explaining the specific design of the workflow.”
MethodA robust and distributed architecture for 5G-enabled networks in the smart blockchain era
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Blockchain for IoT-Based Digital Supply Chain: A Survey
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Distributed Interoperable Records: The Key to Better Supply Chain Management
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“The Modum.io AG pilot project, for instance, found notable issues and concluded that going forward, data in IoT sensors need to be secured with cryptographic signatures or access control mechanisms [40].”
BackgroundA Blockchain-based Supply Chain Tracing for the Swiss Dairy Use Case
Niya, S. R., Dordevic, D., Hurschler, M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1109/sa51175.2021.9507182 · Cited by 27
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Medical IoT Record Security and Blockchain: Systematic Review of Milieu, Milestones, and Momentum
Ajakwe, S. O., Igboanusi, I. S., Ihekoronye, V. U., Nwankwo, O. U., Dini, M. A., Izuazu, U. U., Kim, D., & Lee, J. (2024) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc8090121 · Cited by 32
Degree Validation Application Using Solidity and Ethereum Blockchain
BouSaba, C., & Anderson, E. (2019) · Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon · doi:10.1109/southeastcon42311.2019.9020503 · Cited by 26
“Another team of researchers analyzed the use of blockchain technology in the pharma sector [5].”
BackgroundMedAccess: A Scalable Architecture for Blockchain-based Health Record Management
Misbhauddin, M., AlAbdulatheam, A., Aloufi, M., Al-Hajji, H., & AlGhuwainem, A. (2020) · doi:10.1109/iccis49240.2020.9257720 · Cited by 27
“Their behavior acts as a protocol dictated by the written program code that ensures accuracy, speed, efficiency, autonomy and security [11].”
BackgroundWill adoption of blockchain technology be challenging: evidence from Indian banking industry
Khanna, P., & Haldar, A. (2022) · Qualitative Research in Financial Markets · doi:10.1108/qrfm-01-2022-0003 · Cited by 32
Capocasale, V., Gotta, D., Musso, S., & Perboli, G. (2021) · IEEE Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC) · doi:10.1109/compsac51774.2021.00179 · Cited by 25
“Many studies dealt with the application of BC to the supply chain, in particular in the water [20], food [4, 18], electronic parts [10], pharmaceutical [6, 14] and timber [12] industries.”
BackgroundA Study of Use Cases for Smart Contracts Using Blockchain Technology
Sekhar, S. R. M., Siddesh, G. M., Kalra, S., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change · doi:10.4018/ijissc.2019040102 · Cited by 24
A Proposed Architecture for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Based Semantic Blockchain
Ouf, S. M. (2021) · International journal of intelligent engineering and systems · doi:10.22266/ijies2021.0630.04 · Cited by 24
“All data is transferred to and securely stored in the blockchain [22].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Bocek, T., Rodrigues, B. B., Strasser, T., & Stiller, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- 2017 IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2017-05
- Pages
- 772-777
- OpenAlex
- W2737252471
- Cited by
- 585
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 41.17
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM) (publishedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Supply Chain Traceability
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- blockchain, pharmaceutical supply chain, IoT sensors, temperature monitoring, smart contracts, data immutability, good distribution practice, drug transport, startups, regulatory compliance
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