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Blockchains everywhere - a use-case of blockchains in the pharma supply-chain
Abstract
Blockchains are on the top of the Gartner Hype Cycle 2016 and many start-ups are integrating blockchains into their technology portfolio. While blockchains have emerged in the context of financial applications, non-financial application areas are of interest as well. In this paper, modum.io is presented, a start-up that uses IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices leveraging blockchain technology to assert data immutability and public accessibility of temperature records, while reducing operational costs in the pharmaceutical supply-chain. The medical industry has many complex and strict environmental control process (e.g., temperature and humidity) to ensure quality control and regulatory compliance over the transport of medical products. The sensor devices monitor the temperature of each parcel during the shipment to fully ensure GDP regulations. All data is transferred to the blockchain where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. As modum.io is not the only non-financial start-up working with blockchains, a list of areas and other start-ups is provided that aim to reduce bureaucracy, distribute the infrastructure, and saving costs using blockchains.
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“From the data in Tables 567, other important possible objectives, achievable through the adoption of the blockchain technology, can be highlighted: regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical supply chains [78], right supply-demand matching in agricultural supply chains [81], and alignment of information sharing among supply chain actors [83].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Some of them propose new platforms just at a concept level [45,51,52,75,77,83,84,88,89,91], some of them present proofs of their concepts [76,79,81], and only three of them present a real implementation based on real blockchains: [78,80,82].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Papers [78,82] also propose real implementations, but based on existing blockchains: Ethereum [78] and Ethereum and Hyperledger [82].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Ethereum”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“In the same pharmaceutical context, Bocek et al. proposed Modum.io [196] which is a system that complies with the Good Distribution Practice (GDP) regulation 46 which requires a proof that shipped medicinal products have not been exposed to conditions compromising their safety.”
BackgroundLockl, J., Schlatt, V., Schweizer, A., Urbach, N., & Harth, N. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2020.2978014 · Cited by 113
“The authors noted that at the time of writing, a light-client protocol for their blockchain environment was still under development and, therefore, not available [29].”
BackgroundDifferential privacy in blockchain technology: A futuristic approach
Hassan, M. U., Rehmani, M. H., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.06.003 · Cited by 115
A comprehensive review on blockchain and Internet of Things in healthcare
Sharma, A., Kaur, S., & Singh, M. (2021) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.4333 · Cited by 116
Blockchain in Secure Healthcare Systems: State of the Art, Limitations, and Future Directions
Sharma, V., Gupta, A. K., Hasan, N. U., Shabaz, M., & Ofori, I. (2022) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2022/9697545 · Cited by 110
“[35] 2017 Global and local consensus model Identification and verification Trust issue Bryatov and Borodinov [37] 2019 BC-HIE method Storing and sharing data Complicated structure”
BackgroundMethodRetractedBlockchain Use Cases and Their Feasibility
Zīle, K., & Strazdiņa, R. (2018) · Applied Computer Systems · doi:10.2478/acss-2018-0002 · Cited by 120
Philsoophian, M., Akhavan, P., & Namvar, M. (2021) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-08-2020-1122 · Cited by 114
The Use of Blockchain Technology in the Health Care Sector: Systematic Review
Elangovan, D., Long, C. S., Bakrin, F. S., Tan, C. S., Goh, K. W., Yeoh, S. F., Loy, M. J., Hussain, Z., Lee, K. S., Idris, A. C., et al. (2022) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/17278 · Cited by 128
“Bocek et al [32] stated in their study that the application of blockchain technology in pharmaceutical supply chain management ensures data logging.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnblocking the chain – findings from an executive workshop on blockchain in the supply chain
van Hoek, R. (2019) · Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1108/scm-11-2018-0383 · Cited by 90
Tayal, A., Solanki, A., Kondal, R., Nayyar, A., Tanwar, S., & Kumar, N. (2020) · International Journal of Communication Systems · doi:10.1002/dac.4696 · Cited by 84
“Bocek et al. 59 and Kamath 60 16”
BackgroundLeal, F., Chis, A. E., Caton, S. J., González–Vélez, H., Garcia-Gomez, J. M., Durá, M., Sánchez–García, A., Sáez, C., Karageorgos, A., Gerogiannis, V. C., et al. (2021) · Big Data Research · doi:10.1016/j.bdr.2020.100172 · Cited by 109
State-of-the-Art Review on IoT Threats and Attacks: Taxonomy, Challenges and Solutions
Krishna, R. R., Priyadarshini, A., Jha, A. V., Appasani, B., Srinivasulu, A., & Bizon, N. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13169463 · Cited by 112
A Blockchain Based Solution for Medication Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability
Zhu, P., Hu, J. G., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3029196 · Cited by 94
“Bocek et al. [21] use blockchain technology to maintain the immutability of data in the medicine supply chain and the accessibility of temperature records to the public, while reducing the operating costs of the medicine supply chain.”
BackgroundBlockchain technology in the pharmaceutical industry: a systematic review
Zakari, N. M. A., Al‐Razgan, M., Alsaadi, A., Alshareef, H., saigh, H. A., Alashaikh, L., Alharbi, M., Alomar, R., & Alotaibi, S. (2022) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.840 · Cited by 91
“(Bocek et al., 2017) proposed a system for supplying prescription drugs using blockchain technology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan Hoek, R. (2019) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-05-2019-0206 · Cited by 73
A Framework for Exploring Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management
Batwa, A., & Norrman, A. (2020) · Operations and Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.31387/oscm0420271 · Cited by 90
“For example, BCT can be used to execute the digital signatures that are usually made upon predefined terms (Bocek et al ., 2017; Popper and Lohr, 2017; Wang et al ., 2019a; Azzi et al ., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialToward an Intelligent Blockchain IoT-Enabled Fish Supply Chain: A Review and Conceptual Framework
Ismail, S. S., Reza, H., Salameh, K., Zadeh, H. K., & Vasefi, F. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23115136 · Cited by 103
“Each reading, in the form of a data transaction, must contain a unique track-and-trace number for the current measurement associated with the sensor device’s physical address [63].”
BackgroundDecentralized Telemedicine Framework for a Smart Healthcare Ecosystem
Abugabah, A., Nizamuddin, N., & AlZubi, A. A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3021823 · Cited by 87
“[ 30], [32], [33].”
BackgroundBamakan, S. M. H., Faregh, N., & Zareravasan, A. (2021) · Journal of Computational Design and Engineering · doi:10.1093/jcde/qwab007 · Cited by 77
A Taxonomic Review of the Use of IoT and Blockchain in Healthcare Applications
Azbeg, K., Ouchetto, O., Andaloussi, S. J., & Fetjah, L. (2021) · IRBM · doi:10.1016/j.irbm.2021.05.003 · Cited by 89
Bader, L., Pennekamp, J., Matzutt, R., Hedderich, D., Kowalski, M., Lücken, V., & Wehrle, K. (2021) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102529 · Cited by 87
“The real-world applicability of blockchain-based approaches, in general, is underpinned by the growing number of production-grade platforms [17, 18, 27, 63, 72, 73, 79, 80, 82, 85, 87, 89].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bocek, T., Rodrigues, B. B., Strasser, T., & Stiller, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- 2017 IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2017-05
- Pages
- 772-777
- OpenAlex
- W2737252471
- Cited by
- 585
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 41.17
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM) (publishedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Supply Chain Traceability
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- blockchain, pharmaceutical supply chain, IoT sensors, temperature monitoring, smart contracts, data immutability, good distribution practice, drug transport, startups, regulatory compliance
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