Self-accelerating dolomite-for-calcite replacement: Self-organized dynamics of burial dolomitization and associated mineralization

May combine two claims.

The rhombohedral crystal of dolomite in figure 1A replaced the right end of the round calcium carbonate oolite at left, preserving its ring of black carbonaceous inclusions and thus preserving mineral volume.

“The rhombohedral crystal of dolomite in the center has replaced the right end of the round calcium carbonate oo ¨lite at left, preserving, undeformed, its ring of black carbonaceous inclusions, thus also preserving mineral volume, since the ring of dust has not been swollen or shrunk upon growth of the dolomite.”

May combine two claims.

The predicted seamless, optically continuous displacive crystals and vein growth exactly match the two examples shown in figures 1B, 1C and 1D, 1E as well as those reported by several authors, who pointed out that the margins of the dolomitic zebra and breccia veins are, under the microscope, gradual and seamless.

“The predicted seamless, optically continuous displacive crystals and vein growth just described exactly match the two examples shown in figures 1B, 1C and 1D, 1E as well as those reported by Tona (ms, 1973), Fontbote ´and Amstutz (1980), Horton (1989), Wallace and others (1994), Gasparrini (ms, 2003, plates 8, 9), Vandeginste and others (2005), Gasparrini and others (2006), and Merino and others (”

• cites Tona (ms, 1973)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fontbote and Amstutz (1980)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Merino and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tentative values of T (<100 years), L (several meters), and N (a few hundred) are calculated in Appendix 2.

“Tentative values of T (Ͻ100 years), L (several meters), and N (a few hundred) are calculated in Appendix 2, table A1.”

May combine two claims.

Since each pulse affects only 0.5 percent of the slice, about 200 pulses each lasting <100 years will take place automatically until dolomitization of the slice is completed in <20,000 years.

“Since each pulse affects only 0.5 percent of the slice, about 200 pulses (each lasting Ͻ Ͻ100 years) will take place automatically 2 until the dolomitization of the slice is completed-in only Ͻ20,000 years.”

May combine two claims.

The time T for one growth pulse is 5.5 and 55 years for two estimates of the high-temperature dolomite-growth rate constant, yielding slice thicknesses of 55 cm and 5.5 meters for an arbitrary brine velocity of 10 cm/year.

“The time T for one growth pulse is 5.5 and 55 years, respectively, yielding, for an arbitrary brine velocity of 10 cm/year, a slice thickness, or thickness of the reaction zone, of 55 cm and 5.5 meters, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

For a brine with 10^4 mg Mg/l infiltrating a 0.2 porosity limestone at 10 cm/year, the calculated duration T of one pulse is 5.5 and 55 years for two estimates of the 100 °C dolomite growth rate constant, yielding slice thicknesses L of 0.5 and 5.5 meters.

“The calculated T is 5.5 and 55 years, respectively, which multiplied by the assumed infiltration velocity yield lengths L of 0.5 and 5.5 meters, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

Both the pore-fluid Ca2+ concentration and the dolomite growth rate increase exponentially with time.

“In short, because of the feedback between the two, both the pore-fluid Ca 2ϩ concentration and dolomite growth rate increase exponentially with time, eqs (A5, A7), as shown in figure 5A.”

May combine two claims.

Both the coupled pore-fluid Ca2+ and the dolomite-for-calcite replacement rate grow exponentially with time as the dolomitizing brine infiltrates the limestone during each pulse.

“Wededuced that both the coupled pore-fluid Ca 2ϩ and dolomite-for-calcite replacement rate grow exponentially on time as the dolomitizing brine infiltrates the limestone, during each pulse (see Appendices 1 and 2).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine must be Mg-rich and undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The replacement of limestone by dolomite takes place by guest-growth-driven pressure solution of the host mineral.

The quote only partly states this claim.

Self-organization in pulses and slices accounts for dolomitization affecting only limestones.

“(2) dolomitization affects only limestones;”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only limestones can be dolomitized.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Self-organization in pulses and slices accounts for formation of both saddle dolomite and late-stage calcite near the end of each growth pulse, accompanied by Mississippi-Valley-type ores if the brine also contains Zn, Pb, Ba, sulfate, and other relevant elements.

“(4) formation of both saddle dolomite and”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.

May combine two claims.

Water/rock disequilibrium plus the self-accelerating feedback inevitably yield a process that is self-organized in time (repeated dolomite growth pulses per slice of limestone) and in space (successive slices).

“As brine enters and infiltrates a limestone, water/rock disequilibrium plus the self-accelerating feedback inevitably yield a process that is self-organized, both in time (as repeated dolomite growth pulses per slice of limestone) and in space (as successive slices).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.

May combine two claims.

Quantitative models of dolomitization based on dissolution-precipitation predict a transition zone between dolomitized and undolomitized limestone which is tens of meters wide, thus failing to reproduce the sharp contacts observed in the field.

“Quantitative models of dolomitization based on dissolution-precipitation (Wilson and others, 2001;Jones and Xiao, 2005) predict a transition zone between dolomitized and undolomitized limestone which is tens of meters wide, thus failing to reproduce the sharp contacts observed in the field.”

• cites Wilson and others, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jones and Xiao, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both pore-fluid Ca2+ and replacement rate grow exponentially.

“As a result, both pore-fluid Ca 2؉ and replacement rate grow exponentially.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.

The quote only partly states this claim.

Self-organization in pulses and slices accounts for sharp field contacts between dolomitized and undolomitized limestone.

“(3) sharp field contacts between dolomitized and undolomitized limestone;”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.

May combine two claims.

Weyl (1960) demonstrated that dolomitization happens according to an approximate mass balance, 2calcite + Mg2+ = dolomite + Ca2+, involving calcite dissolution and dolomite precipitation, with carbonate conserved between the two minerals over some mesoscopic scale.

“Weyl (1960) demonstrated that dolomitization happens according to what he called an”

• cites Weyl (1960)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both the deformation of the dolomite crystals (produced by Ca-for-Mg substitution driven by the huge pore-fluid Ca2+) and the seamless rheological transition result from the self-accelerating feedback via Ca2+ itself; that is why they are always associated.

“Serendipitously, both the deformation of the dolomite crystals (produced by Ca-for-Mg substitution driven by the huge pore-fluid Ca 2؉ ) and the seamless rheological transition result from the self-accelerating feedback via Ca 2؉ itself; that is why they are always associated.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Crystalline carbonates have a known strain-rate-softening rheology.

May combine two claims.

Thin, self-organized, displacive zebra veins form when the dolomite growth passes from replacive to displacive, displaying seamless contacts with their replacive walls and consisting of curved, or saddle, dolomite crystals.

“This is when thin, self-organized, displacive zebra veins form (Merino and others, 2006), indeed displaying seamless contacts with their replacive walls and consisting of curved, or saddle, dolomite crystals.”

• cites Merino and others, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Crystalline carbonates have a known strain-rate-softening rheology.

May combine two claims.

The same vein-growth-generated stress, or induced stress, that forcibly displaces the host also triggers a feedback that tends to pressure-dissolve, and thus weed out, incipient veins that happen to be too close to their neighbors, leaving the surviving veins more equidistant than before.

“stress, or induced stress, that forcibly displaces the host also triggers a feedback that tends to pressure-dissolve, and thus”

May combine two claims.

Dolomite-II occurs as thin, white, zebra and breccia-like veins displaying seamless contacts with the replacive dolomite-I of the walls and consisting of coarse saddle-shaped crystals.

“Dolomite-II occurs as thin, white, zebra and breccia-like veins displaying seamless contacts with the replacive dolomite-I of the walls and consisting of coarse saddleshaped crystals; see figures 1B to 1E.”

May combine two claims.

The local replacement preserves mineral volume and should therefore be 1.74 calcite + Mg2+ + 0.26CO3 2− = dolomite + 0.74Ca2+.

“showing that the local replacement does preserve mineral volume and should therefore be 1.74 calcite ϩ Mg 2ϩ ϩ 0.26CO 3 2Ϫ ϭ dolomite ϩ 0.74Ca 2ϩ , where the 1.74 factor approximately equals the dolomite formula volume, 64.3 cm 3 , divided by the calcite formula volume, 36.9 cm 3 .”

May combine two claims.

The aqueous Ca2+ released to the pore fluid by each increment of replacement must increase the local ion-activity product and saturation index for dolomite, which in turn must accelerate the growth rate of the next increment of dolomite growth.

“The aqueous Ca 2ϩ released to the pore fluid by each increment of replacement (4) must increase the local ion-activity product and saturation index for dolomite, which in turn must accelerate the growth rate of the next increment of dolomite growth, since”

May combine two claims.

Dewers and Ortoleva (1989) applied the Navier-Stokes equation for momentum conservation to demonstrate that growth in a rigid rock must trigger other mineral reaction(s) such that volume is conserved; they thus demonstrated theoretically the existence of the replacement phenomenon.

“Dewers and Ortoleva (1989) applied the Navier-Stokes equation for momentum conservation to demonstrate that growth in a rigid rock must trigger other mineral reaction(s) such that volume is conserved; they thus demonstrated theoretically the existence of the replacement phenomenon.”

• cites Dewers and Ortoleva (1989) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Fletcher and Merino (2001) showed that the correct coupling factor required for the equalization of volumetric rates in replacement was the crystallization stress or induced stress, which can enter into a feedback with the rates of guest growth and host dissolution, whereas the empirical force of crystallization cannot.

“Fletcher and Merino (2001) showed that the correct coupling factor required for the equalization of volumetric rates in replacement was the crystallization stress or induced stress, which can enter into a feedback with the rates of guest growth and host dissolution, whereas the empirical force of crystallization cannot.”

• cites Fletcher and Merino (2001) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

If and when the dolomite rate reaches a high enough value, Rcritical, the replacive growth of dolomite becomes displacive continuously over a minute distance, aqueous Mg2+ plummets, and displacive dolomite growth abruptly ends.

“If and when (say, at time t 5 ) the dolomite rate reaches a high enough value, R critical , taken from figure 8A, the replacive growth of dolomite becomes displacive continuously over a minute distance (figs.1C-D, E-F), aqueous Mg 2ϩ plummets (at time T ), and displacive dolomite growth abruptly ends.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomite-for-calcite replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but by dolomite-growth-driven pressure solution of the calcite host.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing fluid is a hot CaCl2 brine rich in Mg2+ but undersaturated with both dolomite and calcite, and thus barren or very poor in carbonate.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Crystalline carbonates have a known strain-rate-softening rheology.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The many thin layers of which bothryoidal aggregates of sphalerite typically consist might be seen as a record of the repeated pulses of precipitation.

“the many thin layers of which bothryoidal aggregates of sphalerite typically consist (fig.7A) might be seen as a record of the repeated pulses of precipitation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If the dolomitizing brine also contains chemical elements such as Zn, Pb, Fe, Sr, Ba, and sulfate, needed to make typical MVT minerals, then dolomitization may be accompanied by formation of MVT ore deposits.

“If the dolomitizing brine also contains chemical elements such as Zn, Pb, Fe, Sr, Ba, and sulfate, needed to make typical MVT minerals, then, as will become apparent later, dolomitization may be accompanied by formation of MVT ore deposits-which are well known to be hosted in burial dolostones.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing fluid is a hot CaCl2 brine rich in Mg2+ but undersaturated with both dolomite and calcite, and thus barren or very poor in carbonate.

May combine two claims.

The two dolomites form at the same temperature and from the same aqueous solution.

“and that the two dolomites form at the same temperature and from the same (though quickly evolving) aqueous solution.”

May combine two claims.

The postulated calcite-undersaturated brine accounts for dolomitization only of limestones, for the high dissolution porosity of dolostones, and for supersaturating itself with respect to dolomite.

“In short, the postulated calcite-undersaturated brine accounts for dolomitization only of limestones, for the high dissolution porosity of dolostones, and for supersaturating itself with respect to dolomite.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only limestones can be dolomitized.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing fluid is a hot CaCl2 brine rich in Mg2+ but undersaturated with both dolomite and calcite, and thus barren or very poor in carbonate.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The replacive crystals growing at time t5 would each consist of a replacive portion and a displacive portion with no sharp boundary between them, and with the displacive portion in optical continuity with the replacive portion.

“naturally causing the contact between replacive and displacive dolomite to be gradual and seamless-as sketched in figure 8B and as observed petrographically (figs.1C,D and E,F).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Barber and others (1985) found submicroscopic bifurcating calcitic ribbons coherently incorporated in crystals of saddle dolomite, and attributed the deformation to such microstructures.

“By transmission electronic microscopy Barber and others (1985) found submicroscopic bifurcating calcitic ribbons, each a few to 100 nm thick, coherently incorporated in crystals of saddle dolomite, and attributed the deformation to such microstructures.”

• cites Barber and others (1985)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Deep sedimentary brines from the central Mississippi Salt Dome basin (Kharaka and others, 1987) and the deep brines of the Smackover Formation in Arkansas (Moldovanyi and Walters, 1992) are Mg-rich and slightly undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.

“the deep sedimentary brines from the central Mississippi Salt Dome basin (Kharaka and others, 1987), and also the deep brines of the Smackover Formation in Arkansas (Moldovanyi and Walters, 1992), which abound in precisely the elements needed to make Mississippi Valley type ore deposits, are according to those two reports Mg-rich and slightly undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite (see”

• cites Kharaka and others, 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moldovanyi and Walters, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The key contribution of any limestone to its own dolomitization is the release of Ca2+ and carbonate by fast initial calcite dissolution, which supersaturates the brine with respect to dolomite; this is why only limestones (and siliciclastic rocks cemented with abundant CaCO3) can be dolomitized.

“This is the key contribution of any limestone to its own dolomitization; this is why only limestones (and also siliciclastic rocks cemented with abundant CaCO 3 ) can be dolomitized.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only limestones can be dolomitized.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing fluid is a hot CaCl2 brine rich in Mg2+ but undersaturated with both dolomite and calcite, and thus barren or very poor in carbonate.

May combine two claims.

N = 1/c Mg b pulses are needed to dolomitize one slice completely, taking roughly a total time NT.

“N ϭ 1/c Mg b pulses are needed to dolomitize one slice completely, taking roughly a total time NT.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

To many geochemists (Putnis, 2009, and articles therein) the term replacement seems to designate whatever takes place by dissolution-precipitation, in their experiments and/or in nature, and every process from weathering to metamorphism is assumed to result from dissolution-precipitation.

“To many geochemists (Putnis, 2009, and articles therein) the term”

• cites Putnis, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The driving force that pushes Ca2+ to substitute for Mg2+ in dolomite crystals, and/or that forces precipitation of submicroscopic calcitic slivers within the dolomite crystal structure, is the exponentially rising pore-fluid Ca2+ concentration.

“Now we realize, however, that the driving force that pushes Ca 2ϩ to substitute for Mg 2ϩ in dolomite crystals, and/or that forces the precipitation of submicroscopic calcitic slivers within the dolomite crystal structure, must be none other than the exponentially rising pore-fluid Ca 2ϩ concentration, which is forced to reach very high values by the same feedback that forces the replacive dolom”

May combine two claims.

Around time t4, the dolomite growth rate starts to soar, overwhelms the Mg advection flux, and abruptly causes Mg2+ to plummet between times t5 and T, which shuts down the replacement suddenly.

“Eventually, around time t 4 , the dolomite growth rate starts to soar, soon overwhelms the Mg advection flux, and abruptly causes the Mg 2ϩ to plummet between times t 5 and T-which shuts down the replacement suddenly.”

May combine two claims.

The strong positive feedback forces both the pore-fluid Ca2+ concentration and the dolomite-for-calcite replacement rate to increase exponentially with time.

“The strong positive feedback, shown in boxes 2.1-2.3 of figure 5C, forces both the pore-fluid Ca 2ϩ (aq) concentration and the dolomite-for-calcite replacement rate to increase exponentially with time (see Appendix 1), as shown in figure 5A.”

May combine two claims.

The fast initial dissolution of some calcite at the entry point releases considerable Ca2+ and carbonate to the Mg-rich brine, which now becomes supersaturated with respect to dolomite.

“But most importantly, the fast initial dissolution of some calcite at the entry point suddenly releases considerable Ca 2ϩ and carbonate to the Mg-rich brine, which now becomes supersaturated with respect to dolomite.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing fluid is a hot CaCl2 brine rich in Mg2+ but undersaturated with both dolomite and calcite, and thus barren or very poor in carbonate.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

T is the time needed for the replacement rate to become so fast that it uses up all the available Mg instantaneously.

“T is thus the time needed for the replacement rate to become so fast that it uses up all the available Mg instantaneously.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Maliva and Siever (1988) proposed that replacement happens not by dissolution-precipitation but because of the force of crystallization exerted by the growing guest on the host.

“Maliva and Siever (1988) proposed that replacement happens not by dissolutionprecipitation but because of the force of crystallization exerted by the growing guest on the host.”

• cites Maliva and Siever (1988) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These brines from the Gulf Coast basin might be natural examples of the postulated dolomitizing brines and at the same time provide a clue to why MVT ore deposits are typically associated with burial dolomites.

“In other words, these brines from the Gulf Coast basin might be natural examples of our postulated dolomitizing brines and at the same time provide a clue to why MVT ore deposits are typically associated with burial dolomites.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine is Mg-rich but undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing fluid is a hot CaCl2 brine rich in Mg2+ but undersaturated with both dolomite and calcite, and thus barren or very poor in carbonate.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If any of the postulates were wrong, or if the dolomite-for-calcite replacement were not self-accelerating, or if it were not self-accelerating via Ca2+, or if calcite dissolution were not inherently very fast, or dolostones not strain-rate-softening, the model would not work.

“If any of the postulates were wrong, or if the dolomite-for-calcite replacement were not self-accelerating, or if it were not self-accelerating via Ca 2ϩ , or if calcite dissolution were not inherently very fast, or dolostones not strain-rate-softening-the model would not work.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine must be Mg-rich and undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The replacement of limestone by dolomite takes place by guest-growth-driven pressure solution of the host mineral.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This is borne out by the analyses of Land (1980), Montañez and Read (1992), Hitzman and others (1998), Gasparrini (ms, 2003), and Carmichael and others (2008).

“This is borne out by the analyses of Land (1980), Montan ˜ez and Read (1992), Hitzman and others (1998), Gasparrini (ms, 2003), and Carmichael and others (2008), among others.”

• cites Land (1980) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Montañez and Read (1992)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hitzman and others (1998)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

If the original brine contains significant fluoride, the huge Ca2+ concentration reached should form fluorite, an ore commonly found in MVT deposits associated with burial dolomites, also back-replacing the host dolomite.

“If the original brine contains significant fluoride (as the brine from the Smackover Formation in table 1 does), the huge Ca 2ϩ concentration reached should form fluorite, an ore commonly found in MVT deposits associated with burial dolomites, also back-replacing the host dolomite.”

May combine two claims.

At the Polaris deposit (Canadian Arctic Archipelago) dolomite was dissolved or replaced by sulfide-precipitating fluids.

“At the Polaris deposit (Canadian Arctic Archipelago) dolomite was dissolved o replaced by sulfideprecipitating fluids (Savard and others, 2000).”

• cites Savard and others, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Dolomite replaces ores at Galmoy (Ireland) and Riopar (Albacete, Spain).

“Dolomite replaces ores at Galmoy (Ireland) and Riopar (Albacete, Spain), figures 7A and 7B.”

May combine two claims.

Fluorite replaces dolomite at Sierra de Gador (Almería, Spain), and at the Dau Range (Carinthia, Austria).

“Fluorite replaces dolomite at Sierra de Ga ´dor (Almerı ´a, Spain), and at the Dau Range (Carinthia, Austria), see Zeeh (1995).”

• cites Zeeh (1995) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The dissolution porosity created in each position of the reaction front attracts additional brine flux, which in turn carries out faster the dolomitization reactions, increasing faster the creation of further new dissolution porosity, thus permeability.

“The dissolution porosity created in each position of the reaction front attracts additional brine flux, which in turn carries out faster the dolomitization reactions described in this chapter, increasing faster the creation of further new dissolution porosity, thus permeability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The progressive accumulation of a scarce mineral at a moving reaction front was modeled quantitatively for a generic, simplified case by Ortoleva and others (1986).

“This progressive accumulation of a scarce mineral at a moving reaction front was modeled quantitatively for a generic, simplified case by Ortoleva and others (1986).”

• cites Ortoleva and others (1986)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Benito and others (2006) found minute dolomite inclusions within late-stage calcite yielding an isotopic composition identical to that of nearby ferroan saddle dolomite crystals, which the authors take as good indirect evidence of dedolomitization.

“Benito and others (2006) have found what we take to be good indirect evidence of dedolomitization in the form of minute dolomite inclusions within late-stage calcite yielding an isotopic composition identical to that of nearby ferroan saddle dolomite crystals.”

• cites Benito and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

If the interstitial solution contained sulfate and barium, and if this sulfate has not been appreciably reduced, then minor anhydrite and barite would also be expected to form at some place(s) within the current (0,L) pulse, at around or right after time T in each pulse.

“Similarly, if the interstitial solution contained sulfate and barium, and if this sulfate has not been appreciably reduced-see next section-then minor anhydrite and barite (fig.7E) would also be expected to form at some place(s) within the current (0,L) pulse, at around or right after time T in each pulse, the moment when Mg 2ϩ becomes abruptly zeroed out in the pore fluid.”

May combine two claims.

The same trend-isotopically slightly lighter dolomite II-was found also by Fontboté and Gorzawski (1990) for the burial dolostones at San Vicente, Peru, by Gasparrini and others (2006) for burial dolostones of the Cantabrian Zone, northern Spain, and by Mattes and Mountjoy (1980).

“The same trend-isotopically slightly lighter dolomite II-was found also by Fontbote ´and Gorzawski (1990) for the burial dolostones at San Vicente, Peru, by Gasparrini and others (2006) for burial dolostones of the Cantabrian Zone, northern Spain, and by Mattes and Mountjoy (1980).”

• cites Fontboté and Gorzawski (1990) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gasparrini and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mattes and Mountjoy (1980) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The undersaturation with calcite, combined with fast calcite dissolution kinetics, provides the kick that starts the process only in limestones, resulting in dissolution porosity and supersaturation with dolomite, which triggers self-organized dolomitization in time and space.

“The undersaturation with calcite, combined with the fast kinetics of calcite dissolution, provides the crucial”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine must be Mg-rich and undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.

May combine two claims.

The ratio Mn/Fe may be expected to vary wildly especially for the higher rates of dolomite growth at times t4 to T, potentially leading to sudden changes in cathodoluminescence in the saddle dolomites but not in nearby replacive dolomite crystals formed from the same solution.

“In particular, the ratio Mn/Fe, which is thought to be one of the controls of cathodoluminescence in dolomite crystals, may be expected to vary wildly especially for the higher rates of dolomite growth at times t 4 to T (fig.5A), potentially leading to sudden changes in cathodoluminescence in the saddle dolomites but not in nearby replacive dolomite crystals formed from the same solution.”

May combine two claims.

The displacive dolomite continues to grow at the very high rate R critical, very fast scavenging all the aqueous Mg from the brine, whereupon the growth rate of dolomite itself comes down to zero abruptly.

“The displacive dolomite continues to grow at the very high rate R critical , very fast scavenging all the aqueous Mg from the brine, whereupon the growth rate of dolomite itself comes down to zero abruptly.”

May combine two claims.

As a result of these replacements, the aqueous components released to the interstitial brine-mainly CO3 2-, Mg2+, Zn2+ and S2--are advected forward and promote reprecipitation of more dolomite and/or sphalerite and other ores downflow, generating a larger and larger ore deposit always associated with the current position of the advancing dolomitization front.

“As a result of all these replacements, the aqueous components released to the interstitial brine-mainly CO 3 2Ϫ , Mg 2ϩ , Zn 2ϩ and S 2Ϫ -are advected forward and promote reprecipitation of more dolomite and/or sphalerite and other ores downflow, generating a larger and larger ore deposit always associated with the current position of the advancing dolomitization front.”

May combine two claims.

As soon as the replacement transitions into displacement, pore fluid Ca2+ stops being raised, which shuts off the self-accelerating feedback.

“But as soon as the replacement transitions into displacement, pore fluid Ca 2ϩ stops being raised, which shuts off the self-accelerating feedback.”

May combine two claims.

The displacive growth phase can be bypassed altogether if the Mg2+ concentration in the initial dolomitizing brine is not sufficiently high, because Mg2+ gets used up completely and the replacement rate is suddenly brought down to zero before the strain-rate can reach the appropriate R critical value needed for the rheological transition to displacive growth.

“Note that the displacive growth phase can be bypassed altogether.If the Mg 2ϩ concentration in the initial dolomitizing brine is not sufficiently high, then Mg 2ϩ gets used up completely-and the replacement rate is suddenly brought down to zerobefore the strain-rate can reach the appropriate R critical value needed for the rheological transition to displacive growth discussed above.”

May combine two claims.

Actual fingering of the dolomitization front has been described by Mattes and Mountjoy (1980) for the Miette buildup of Alberta; Wilson and others (1990) for the Latemar buildup of northern Italy; Gasparrini and others (2006) for Upper Carboniferous carbonates of the Cantabrian Zone of northwestern Spain.

“Actual fingering of the dolomitization front has been described by Mattes and Mountjoy (1980) for the Miette buildup of Alberta; Wilson and others (1990) for the Latemar buildup of northern Italy; Gasparrini and others (2006) for Upper Carboniferous carbonates of the Cantabrian Zone of northwestern Spain (fig.2A); and many others.”

• cites Mattes and Mountjoy (1980) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wilson and others (1990)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gasparrini and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For the Buick mine of southeast Missouri, Sverjensky (1981) gave and cited petrographic evidence that both galena and sphalerite have precipitated and dissolved repeatedly during ore formation, and suggested that repetitive precipitation and dissolution of galena was probably an important process during the formation of the entire Viburnum Trend.

“For the Buick mine of southeast Missouri Sverjensky (1981) gave and cited petrographic evidence that both galena and sphalerite have precipitated and dissolved repeatedly during ore formation, and suggested that repetitive precipitation and dissolution of galena was probably an important process during the formation of the entire Viburnum Trend.”

• cites Sverjensky (1981) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The degree of trace element incorporation should differ considerably from fast-growing to slow-growing dolomite crystals that are near each other, warranting caution in dealing with trace element and fluid inclusion analyses, which should not be interpreted as reflecting equilibrium.

“Similarly, the degree of trace element incorporation should differ considerably from fast-growing to slow-growing dolomite crystals that are near each other, warranting caution in dealing with trace element and fluid inclusion analyses, which should not be interpreted as reflecting equilibrium.”

May combine two claims.

The displacive veins only have between times t5 and T to grow, a very short interval because the drop in Mg and in rate is practically instantaneous relative to the infiltration velocity.

“The displacive veins only have between times t 5 and T to grow, figure 5A, a very short interval because the drop in Mg and in rate is practically instantaneous relative to the infiltration velocity.”

May combine two claims.

The new dolomitization model is a forward, nonlinear model that predicts linked loops and cyclicities and self-cannibalization, driven by disequilibrium between the dolomitizing brine and a platform limestone.

“Thenew dolomitization model is a forward, nonlinear model that predicts a string of linked loops and cyclicities (figs.5C and 6) and self-cannibalization (fig.9), the whole driven by disequilibrium between the dolomitizing brine and a platform limestone.”

May combine two claims.

The feedback causes dolomite to grow even though Mg/Ca decreases during any one pulse, showing that disequilibrium plus feedback overrides the conventional dolomitization condition Mg/Ca > Keq.

“The feedback causes dolomite to grow even though Mg/Ca decreases during any one pulse (see fig. 5A), illustrating how disequilibrium plus feedback trumps the conventional dolomitization condition, that Mg/Ca Ͼ K eq”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine must be Mg-rich and undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The dolomite growth rate-constant values used in the calculations were loosely extrapolated from values graphed by Gautelier and others (1999).

“**Rate-constant values were loosely extrapolated from values graphed by Gautelier and others, 1999.”

• cites Gautelier and others, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The quote only partly states this claim.

There is spatial self-organization in the form of sequential slices with spatially periodic dissolution-porosity highs concentrated preferentially at the entry region of each slice, explaining porosity periodicities detected by Budd and others (2006).

“There is also a spatial selforganization in the form of sequential”

• cites Budd and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The curved structure of the dolomite crystal is caused by increasing Ca-for-Mg substitution and/or incorporation of submicroscopic slivers of calcite within the dolomite.

“The structure is curved because of increasing Ca-for-Mg substitution and/or incorporation of submicroscopic slivers of calcite within the dolomite.”

May combine two claims.

The thickening of the vein pushes outward and generates stylolites in the dolomite-I walls.

“The thickening of the vein pushes outward and generates stylolites (S) in the dolomite-I walls.”

May combine two claims.

Dolomite formed in late pulses may partly replace ore minerals formed in earlier pulses, partly sweeping the ores downflow.

“Dolomite formed in late pulses may partly replace ore minerals formed in earlier pulses, partly”

May combine two claims.

The local mass conservation equation for Ca2+ involves little or no transport because, as incipient dolomite growth starts to replace calcite everywhere, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ profiles remain horizontal and preclude diffusion of Ca2+ or Mg2+ forward or backwards.

“Note that the local mass conservation equation for Ca 2ϩ probably involves little or no transport because, as the incipient dolomite growth is starting to replace calcite everywhere, both the Ca 2ϩ and Mg 2ϩ profiles remain horizontal and preclude diffusion of Ca 2ϩ or Mg 2ϩ forward or backwards.”

May combine two claims.

The zebra veins of a set are simultaneous and do not result from repeated episodic flows.

“The zebra veins of a set are simultaneous, and do not result from repeated episodic flows.”

May combine two claims.

The conventional view that a syntaxial vein grows by repeated cycles of cracking and cementation (crack-seal mechanism) rests on the assumption that an exterior force repeatedly cracks the rock where and when the vein is ready to grow, and does not explain why the vein consists of the same mineral as its walls or why the contact between wall and vein is seamless.

“The conventional view (for example, Bons, 2000)-that a syntaxial vein grows by repeated cycles of cracking and cementation, as per the so-called crack-seal mechanism-rests on the assumption that there is an exterior force that, conveniently, repeatedly cracks the rock at the place where, and at the time when, the vein is ready to grow by precipitation of cement, and does not explain why the vein”

• cites Bons, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The new model poses no restrictions as to the type and timing of the advection that brings the deep hot dolomitizing brine to a platform limestone.

“The new model poses no restrictions as to the type and timing of the advection that brings the deep hot dolomitizing brine to a platform limestone.”

May combine two claims.

In the predicted displacive dolomite vein, each crystal consists of a replacive portion and a displacive portion with no interruption of growth and thus no sharp contact between the two.

“Each crystal consists now of a replacive portion (such as 1 or 4) and a displacive portion (such as 1Ј or 4Ј), with no interruption of growth (and thus, no sharp contact) between the two.”

May combine two claims.

Simultaneously with fast dolomite growth near the end of each pulse, and regardless of whether the rheological transition has been reached, the Ca2+ pore fluid concentration becomes so high that it drives substitution of Ca2+ for Mg2+ or of submicroscopic calcitic slivers on the structure of growing dolomite crystals, forcing them to grow curved because of the larger size of Ca2+.

“Simultaneously with the fast dolomite growth near the end of each pulse, and regardless of whether the rheological transition has been reached, the Ca 2ϩ pore fluid concentration becomes also so high that it drives substitution of Ca 2ϩ for Mg 2ϩ , or of submicroscopic calcitic slivers, on the structure of the growing dolomite crystals, replacive or displacive, forcing them to grow curved because”

May combine two claims.

The pulses repeat themselves, probably in the hundreds, until the current limestone slice is completely replaced, accounting for precipitation of layered sphalerite aggregates common in MVT deposits.

“The pulses repeat themselves (probably in the hundreds, see table A1) until the current limestone slice is completely replaced, providing a straightforward way to account for the precipitation of the layered sphalerite aggregates common in MVT deposits.”

May combine two claims.

The new model explains physicochemically why zebra veins are displacive and how they form in burial dolomites.

“Thenew model explains physicochemically why zebra veins are displacive and how they form in burial dolomites.”

May combine two claims.

Each pulse of dolomite precipitation grows at a self-accelerating rate from the Mg-rich pore brine contained in the slice's pores, lasts a time T, and has an approximate length L = vT.

“Each pulse of dolomite precipitation grows-at a self-accelerating rate-from the Mg-rich pore brine contained in the slice's pores, lasts a time T calculated in Appendix 1, and has an approximate length L ϭ vT.”

May combine two claims.

A faster advection velocity would proportionally increase the predicted thickness of a slice L without changing T; lower dolomite rate constant and/or lower surface area increase both T and L.

“A faster advection velocity would proportionally increase the predicted thickness of a slice, L, without changing T. Lower dolomite rate constant and/or lower surface area increase both T and L.”

May combine two claims.

The dolomite growth rate increases during replacement and must reach a critical value R_crit at which the rock viscosity becomes low enough for the until-then replacive growth to pass continuously into displacive growth.

“because the dolomite-for-calcite replacement is self-accelerating, the dolomite growth rate, which is equivalent to the strain rate generated by the dolomite growth, increases during replacement and must reach a critical value R crit for which the rock viscosity (ϭslope of curve) becomes low enough to let the until-then replacive growth pass continuously into displacive”

May combine two claims.

The dolomitization front remains fixed in space until the slice is completely replaced; only then does it jump to the next.

“The dolomitization front thus remains fixed in space until the slice is completely replaced; only then does it jump to the next.”

May combine two claims.

Calcite may grow in interstices of the dolostone, and/or may replace some dolomite, a replacement known as dedolomitization.

“Also, the calcite may grow in interstices of the dolostone, and/or may replace some dolomite, a replacement known as dedolomitization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The predicted periodic porosity is confirmed by data presented by Budd and others (2006), but only in part, since they tease from their data several porosity periodicities, not just one.

“The predicted periodic porosity is confirmed by the interesting data presented by Budd and others (2006), but only in part, since they tease from their data several porosity periodicities, not just one.”

• cites Budd and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The new dolomitization dynamics shows that replacive dolomite-for-calcite growth, because it is self-accelerating, becomes eventually fast enough to lower dolostone viscosity sufficiently to permit the replacive growth to seamlessly become displacive and generate a vein oriented at right angles to its growth direction.

“What the new dolomitization dynamics now shows is that the replacive dolomite-for-calcite growth, because it is self-accelerating, becomes eventually fast enough to lower the dolostone viscosity sufficiently to permit the replacive growth to seamlessly become displacive-and generating a vein oriented at right angles to its growth direction, as shown in figure 8B.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The replacement of limestone by dolomite takes place by guest-growth-driven pressure solution of the host mineral.

May combine two claims.

Because the model involves disequilibrium and feedbacks, the two necessary conditions for geochemical self-organization, the model predicts that dolomitization should be self-organized in several ways at once.

“Since the new model involves disequilibrium (between the dolomitizing brine and a limestone) and feedbacks, the two necessary conditions for geochemical self-organization (Merino, 1984;Ortoleva and others, 1987a;Merino and Wang, 2001), it is not surprising that the model predicts that dolomitization should be self-organized, and self-organized in several ways at once.”

• cites Merino, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ortoleva and others, 1987aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Merino and Wang, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The dolomitizing brine must be Mg-rich and undersaturated with both calcite and dolomite.

May combine two claims.

The rheologic-kinetic feedback causes replacive dolomite growth to become displacive for a very short time, leading to sets of thin veins that if parallel become roughly equidistant through a weeding/triage feedback, forming zebra veins found in most burial dolomites.

“Second, the rheologic-kinetic feedback described in sections IV-5 and -6, causes the replacive dolomite growth to become displacive (though only for a very short time; see fig.5A), and this leads to the formation of sets of thin veins that if parallel become roughly equidistant through a”

• cites Merino and others (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The replacement of limestone by dolomite takes place by guest-growth-driven pressure solution of the host mineral.