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The dolomite problem; control of precipitation kinetics by temperature and saturation state
Open accessAbstract
The mineral dolomite and the uncertainties surrounding its origin have attracted the attention of earth scientists for over a century. The core of the dolomite problem is the apparent paradox posed by the paucity of dolomite in modern marine depositional environments versus its relative abundance in the sedimentary rock record. Solving this problem requires knowledge of the conditions under which the mineral forms and the rate of precipitation under those conditions. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the precipitation rate of dolomite may be quantified and modeled in a manner similar to other carbonate minerals through application of a rate law that represents the rate as a simple function of saturation index, r = k (Omega - 1) ^n^ . This hypothesis is tested in a series of experiments by measuring the steady state rate of dolomite precipitation in a dolomite-seeded flow reactor through analysis of reacted fluid chemistry. By varying temperature from approx 100 degrees to 200 degrees C and saturation index (Omega ) from near saturation to approximately 100, sufficient data were collected to solve for the reaction order and Arrhenius rate constant (k = A exp {-(epsilon ~A~ /RT)}) of this rate law. The dolomite produced in these experiments was variable in composition but typically a calcium-rich protodolomite, forming syntaxial overgrowths on the seed material. At the highest supersaturations obtained, formation of distinct nucleation centers was observed. These experiments do confirm a strong temperature dependence for the precipitation reaction (activation energy epsilon ~A~ = 31.9 kcal mol (super -1) ) and moderate dependency on saturation index (n = 2.26, log A = 1.05). The experimental findings of this paper suggest that the abundance of dolomite in the sedimentary rock record reflects, at least in part, environmental changes in temperature and seawater chemistry over geologic time.
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TL;DR
This paper tests whether dolomite precipitation can be described by a simple saturation-state rate law, using seeded flow-reactor experiments at elevated temperatures. It finds a strong temperature dependence and moderate saturation-state dependence, implying that dolomite abundance in the rock record may partly reflect past changes in temperature and seawater chemistry.
Key findings
- Dolomite precipitation rates fit an Arrhenius-type rate law, with activation energy of 31.9 ± 1.6 kcal mol⁻¹ from total-alkalinity data, reaction order n = 2.26, and log A = 1.05 for the selective fit; the extrapolated 25°C rate constant is 10⁻²²·³.
- The precipitated phase was typically calcium-rich protodolomite, commonly 55–58 mol percent CaCO₃, forming syntaxial overgrowths on seed grains; distinct nucleation centers appeared only at high supersaturation, around log(Ω − 1) ≥ 2.
- Magnesian calcite, about 15 mol percent MgCO₃, competed with dolomite and appeared to precipitate at dolomite’s expense, even driving dissolution of newly formed dolomite; the paper found no evidence that magnesian calcite acted as a precursor.
- Model extrapolations indicate that observing enough dolomite growth at 25°C would require roughly 10¹ to 10² years, making direct laboratory synthesis at surface temperatures impractical, while reaction times at about 50°C are still long but less unreasonable.
Methods
- A dolomite-seeded, circulating flow reactor was used with about 5 g of seed dolomite, temperatures from 115° to 196°C, input solutions of CaCl₂, MgCl₂, and NaHCO₃ under varied pCO₂, and a recycle ratio up to about 100.
- Steady-state precipitation rates were calculated from differences between input and output solution chemistry, mainly total alkalinity and total divalent cations, normalized to seed surface area; solids were analyzed by XRD, SEM/EDS, and BET or geometric surface-area estimates.
- An aqueous speciation model using SUPCRT92/HKF thermodynamics computed saturation states with respect to ideal dolomite, and regressions solved for activation energy, reaction order, and the pre-exponential factor.
Limitations
- Stated: the Arrhenius treatment assumes terms other than temperature are invariant, but this is not exact; saturation states were calculated relative to ideal dolomite even though the growing phase was likely more soluble and less ordered; high solid-to-solution ratios caused saturation indices to fall as temperature rose, so the reported activation energy is probably a minimum.
- Stated: the dataset is small, surface-area estimates are uncertain, geometric and BET areas were mixed, possible Fe/Ni/Cr contamination had unknown kinetic effects, and coprecipitating phases could reduce the area available for dolomite growth.
- Evident from the text: the experiments were conducted far above Earth-surface temperatures, so the 25°C conclusions depend on extrapolation; the rate law does not explicitly account for Mg/Ca ratio or ionic strength, and variability in product composition and cation ordering may affect rates.
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Claims the paper makes
76 Own result · 52 Own interpretation · 20 No full text of the sources · 19 Own method · 13 No basis given · 11 Sources not found · 5 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“moderate dependency on saturation index (n ؍ 2.26, log A ؍ 1.05)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“moderate dependency on saturation index (n ؍ 2.26, log A ؍ 1.05)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiments do confirm a strong temperature dependence for the precipitation reaction (activation energy ⑀ A ؍ 31.9 kcal mol ؊1 )”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the highest supersaturations obtained, formation of distinct nucleation centers was observed.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
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In the paper
“Coprecipitated phases, including calcite, magnesian calcite, and magnesite (MgCO 3 ), were also identified by SEM/EDS and XRD.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Solutions are undersaturated at these temperatures with respect to all carbonate mineral phases except dolomite and magnesite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“X-ray powder diffraction data carefully collected from reacted seed materials indicated no phase other than dolomite present”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“EDS analysis of these areas showed them to range from 52 to 59 percent CaCO 3 in good agreement with the range of data from fluid chemistry.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“There is no indication that any phase other than dolomite precipitated in these runs.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“Although comparison of differences in total alkalinity (⌬A T ) and total divalent cations (⌬M 2ϩ ) indicates a good mass balance (fig.6, top left)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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“The composition, texture, and extent of development of this new phase was variable.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“The development of new heteronuclei on seed material surfaces is shown in figure 5, having compositions of magnesite, magnesian calcite, and dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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“and no shift in absolute position of the 510146 peak was found in comparisons of unreacted and reacted samples.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“evaluation of the differences in calcium and magnesium uptake suggests growth of a phase more calcium-rich than the calcian dolomites typical of most runs (fig.6, bottom left).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Calculation of saturation state revealed moderate supersaturation with respect to pure calcite (log ⍀ between 0.18 and 0.21).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“In experiments supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite (run Ti12, 150°C), unique intergrowths of dolomite, magnesian calcite, and essentially pure calcite were observed.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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“The total growth over the entire experiment was ϳ1 percent of the seed material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“Magnesian calcite compositions have an average composition from EDS of 85 percent CaCO 3 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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“As a result, steady state saturation indices actually decreased with increasing temperature.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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“We observe that despite the decreasing availability of dissolved reactants (note the conversion of HCO 3 Ϫ and CO 3 2Ϫ to CO 2 with increasing temperature in fig.10), the increasingly negative free energy of reaction to form ideal dolomite yields a region of favorable reaction at temperatures տ150°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“The activation energy computed from total alkalinity differences (⌬A T ) is the largest at 31.9 Ϯ 1.6 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“Samples reacted at high supersaturation with respect to dolomite (log⍀ ϳ 2, run Ti01, 150°C) showed surface nucleation of other carbonate phases as well.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“The original dolomite seed grains retrieved from the reactor after these experiments showed clear evidence of precipitation of new material of dolomite composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“the appearance of magnesian calcite was found to exert a strong control over the effective precipitation rate of dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“In contrast, epitaxial growth of dolomite and magnesian calcite appears to begin with the development of irregular submicron particles that coalesce to form larger rhombs.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Growth of magnesite proceeds by the nucleation of submicron rhombic crystallites, often exhibiting irregular or curved faces (fig.5, bottom right).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“The appearance of these phases is confirmed by reacted fluid chemistry.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Fluid chemistry data confirm development of essentially pure calcite during certain phases of this experiment.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“This is confirmed by XRD data (fig.7, top), which indicate appearance of a magnesian calcite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“An apparent composition of Mg 0.15 Ca 0.85 CO 3 is calculated from the observed d-spacing of 2.992 Å.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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“whereas formation of discrete heteronuclei as seen in figure 5 requires significantly higher supersaturation.”
- Also stated in: § RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS · plain
“with evidence of distinct heteronuclei only observed at supersaturations of log (⍀ Ϫ 1) տ 2.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“Figure 5 clearly shows newly forming ''skeletal'' crystals whose orientation bears an obvious crystallographic relationship to the underlying substrate seed material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“BET areas were generally higher than geometric areas for reacted samples from runs Ti08, Ti09, and Ti10.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
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“This value is ϳ10 kcal mol Ϫ1 less than the estimate obtained from Gaines (1968).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gaines (1968)
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In the paper
“Otherphases, including magnesite and magnesian calcite, also formed, often as intergrowths in intimate contact with new dolomite surfaces.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“On the contrary, the nucleation and growth of calcite typically arrested or at least severely diminished the rate of dolomite precipitation.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were found between reacted and unreacted seed materials in the position or contour of the 510146 diffraction peak.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the fact that syntaxial growth could be sustained at low overall saturation index, often with little or no ''induction period,'' is relevant to the growth of both synthetic and natural dolomite.”
- Also stated in: § RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS · hedged
“the data presented in this work imply that syntaxial growth on existing surfaces can be sustained at low supersaturations”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Precipitation rates measured at 196°/176°C give an activation energy for the overall precipitation reaction of 31.9Ϯ 1.6 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Selective fitting of rate data gives values for activation energy (⑀ A ), pre-exponential frequency factor (A), and reaction order (n) of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 , 10 1.05 , and 2.26, respectively.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Magnesian calcite formed at very low (pure calcite) supersaturation.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The relationships expressed in figure 12 do confirm our original working hypothesis (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997) that dolomite precipitation rate is a positive function of the distance from equilibrium.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strong sensitivity of the model rate is clearly shown through the change in the rate constant extrapolated to 25°C, which varies inversely by ϳ0.3 log units per kcal of activation energy.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Growth at lower degrees of supersaturation occurs as layers in apparent syntaxial continuity with the original grain surface.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inclusion of data only from early, high supersaturation experiments using geometric area estimates results in an overall reaction order of 2.26 and frequency factor log A of 1.05.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there is no indication, either from reacted fluid history of surface analysis, that magnesian calcite acts as any kind of precursor to dolomite growth in these experiments.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · hedged
“In contrast with the common perception, no evidence could be found that magnesian calcite acts as a reactive intermediate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The activation energy of this calcite phase, based on figure 11, would be Ͻ12 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Comparison with the energy calculated for relatively well-ordered dolomites synthesized by Gaines (1968) shows an increase of ϳ11 kcal mol Ϫ1 over the linear value.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gaines (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEM images of these samples also showed large enhancements of surface area through development of growth features.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, experiments designed to measure dolomite precipitation rate over a range of temperature and solution composition have yielded model parameters for a reaction rate law having a simple dependence on saturation index.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those experiments in which growth of both phases could be monitored showed calcite to form essentially at the expense of coprecipitating dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of dolomite precipitation, measured in a steady-state dolomite-seeded reflux reactor over a range of temperatures at fixed bulk composition and at variable composition and temperature, is shown to be a strong function of temperature and solution composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Magnesite was also observed at bulk magnesium to calcium ratios similar to seawater, forming small, subhedral rhombic crystals.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This yields a rate constant at 25°C of 10 Ϫ22.3 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEM/EDS analysis of growth textures show fine-scale intergrowths of calcite and dolomite layers in apparent crystallographic continuity”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The style of growth varies according to the extent of supersaturation, with lower supersaturation promoting simple migration of surface steps and kinks.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These particles appear to accrete in patterns apparently controlled by the crystallography of the underlying substrate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher supersaturations are associated with the development of complex nucleation centers consisting of submicron-sized nuclei.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calcite appears to nucleate rapidly given even slight oversaturation”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effective dolomite precipitation rate is maximized when there is no competition from other carbonate phases, in this case principally magnesian calcite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the latter case, growth appears to proceed by the agglomeration of small nuclei to form larger crystals.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Growth textures observed in these experiments resemble those in published experiments for calcite precipitation on seed crystals.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Growth textures observed in these experiments suggest syntaxial growth through aggradation of existing steps dominates at lower supersaturations”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall rate constant at 25°C shows a dependence of ϳ0.3 log units per kcal.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective fitting of rate data yields an overall reaction order of 2.26 and a pre-exponential frequency term of 1.05 (log 10 units).”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Selective fitting of rate data gives values for activation energy (⑀ A ), pre-exponential frequency factor (A), and reaction order (n) of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 , 10 1.05 , and 2.26, respectively.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The composition of the dolomite forming in these experiments calculated from solution mass balance and EDS spectroscopy of growth surfaces is calcium-rich, with values typically between 55 and 58 mol percent CaCO 3 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective fitting of rate data yields an overall reaction order of 2.26 and a pre-exponential frequency term of 1.05 (log 10 units).”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Selective fitting of rate data gives values for activation energy (⑀ A ), pre-exponential frequency factor (A), and reaction order (n) of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 , 10 1.05 , and 2.26, respectively.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data available from the literature suggest that dolomites synthesized at temperatures less than ϳ200°C are often calcium-rich and imperfectly ordered.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total duration of such experiments is still very short compared to the age of Recent dolomite forming, for example, in the Abu Dhabi sabkha of the Persian Gulf or the Coorong lagoons of South Australia.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“although patient experimentalists have not succeeded in synthesizing dolomite at room temperature (Land, 1998)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Land, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Peterson, Bien, and Berner (1963) derived a linear growth rate of ϳ0.5 Åy Ϫ1 from the 14 C ages of size fractions of dolomite crystals taken from muds of Deep Spring Lake, California.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peterson, Bien, and Berner (1963) source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the results of our experiments suggest that laboratory synthesis of dolomite at ϳ25°C is probably not feasible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result is in great contrast with the observed size of Holocene dolomite crystals forming, for example, in the Florida Keys (Carballo, Land, and Miser, 1987), the Persian Gulf (Baltzer and others, 1994), and the Coorong (von der Borch, Rubin, and Skinner, 1964) of South Australia.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimental findings of this paper suggest that the abundance of dolomite in the sedimentary rock record reflects, at least in part, environmental changes in temperature and seawater chemistry over geologic time.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the calculated value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 most likely represents a minimum value.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, all end phase dolomites produced from 252° to 295°C in Katz and Matthews (1997) are essentially stoichiometric, with only ϳ Ϯ1 percent excess calcium or magnesium.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Katz and Matthews (1997)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These uncertainties clearly endow the derived parameters in the rate equation with nontrivial errors that are difficult to quantify.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the fact that no differences were noted either in 2⌰ position or in the height or width of these peaks between reacted and unreacted samples is not conclusive.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increasing error in the apparent stoichiometry with decreasing temperature (fig.8, bottom left) makes it difficult to discern any significant changes in stoichiometry with temperature from our data.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The composition of unreacted seed materials was determined by extensive EDS analysis and indicated a very homogeneous and essentially perfect 1:1 ratio of Ca to Mg.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If dolomite growth is viewed as a process of constructing alternating layers of calcite and magnesite, then the rate of dolomite growth may be essentially limited by that of the ''magnesite'' layer.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dolomite growth can be viewed as a process of constructing alternating layers of calcite and magnesite.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore it is not possible to calculate satisfactorily an error estimate for either of the other two numbers”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduction in activation energy with increase in excess calcium content must be ultimately related to the differences in energy requirements of dehydrating calcium versus magnesium ion prior to incorporation within the growing dolomite lattice.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of strong and well-defined principal superstructure reflections in the seed material indicated a well-ordered dolomite phase.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In equivalently supersaturated solutions, this number is ϳ10 at 25°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This very large difference in estimated rates is reflected in the distribution of magnesite in modern surface environments, whose scarcity rivals that of dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dolomite precipitation is indeed a slow reaction at low temperature under most conditions”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, because of the high ratio of solid surface area to solution, changes in reaction rate also have an effect on solution chemistry.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The errors attending these analyses and thus their contribution to the calculation of the rate represented by a given sample are relatively small (table 1).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the sum of the standard state chemical potentials for the dolomite precipitation reaction will change directly and indirectly as aqueous species redistribute themselves.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, based on fluid chemistry data alone, the phases produced also tend to be richer in calcium compared with those produced in earlier published experiments at higher temperatures.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More likely, however, the discrepancies in energy reflect differences in the composition and cation ordering of the dolomite phase.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this result only indicates that the product phase is compositionally indistinguishable from stoichiometric dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lippmann (1973), using hydration enthalpy data from Noyes (1962) and a model for the electrostatic energy of the ion-dipole bond as a function of ionic radius and dipole moment, estimated the activation energy for magnesite growth to be 12.8 kcal mol Ϫ1 greater than that for calcite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippmann (1973)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Noyes (1962) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the extrapolated rates of dolomite precipitation at 25°C or lower, it is doubtful that any experiments conducted at these temperatures, outside those capable of atomic scale resolution, will be able to observe dolomite formation directly on laboratory time scales.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference probably reflects the energy of (partial) ordering.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using the difference of 12.8 kcal mol Ϫ1 computed by Lippmann (1973) yields a theoretical value of 22.2 kcal mol Ϫ1 for magnesite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippmann (1973)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous experimental work has focused almost exclusively on the conversion of calcite to dolomite (that is, ''recrystallization'').”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arvidson, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the ''distance'' from equilibrium of the phase undergoing precipitation should vary according to its composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The enthalpy data of Chai, Navrotsky, and Reeder (1995) suggests that solubility is a very strong function of the extent of calcium substitution.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chai, Navrotsky, and Reeder (1995) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observation that dolomite competes poorly with metastable magnesian calcite, at least under the conditions of these experiments, implies that rather specific conditions must persist in order for dolomite to dominate in terms of mineral distributions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The activation energy for calcite is relatively well known, and we have used the value of 9.4 Ϯ 0.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 from Kazmierczak, Tomson, and Nancollas (1982).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kazmierczak, Tomson, and Nancollas (1982) source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This activation energy associated with the ordering reaction is in at least qualitative agreement with values ranging from 8 to 11 kcal mol Ϫ1 computed using data from Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) for the rate of recrystallization of disordered Ca-Mg carbonate starting materials to ordered phases over the temperature range 98° to 197°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If, at a given temperature, dehydration of calcium requires less energy than magnesium, calcium may become incorporated in its stead in spite of its overall destabilizing influence on the bulk solid.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: At a given temperature, dehydration of calcium requires less energy than magnesium.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore the rate appearing in table 5 probably represents a minimum value, because it was computed by assigning the total surface area to dolomite precipitation.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is apparent that the activation energy observed for the dolomite phase formed in this experiment is slightly higher than that predicted by assuming magnesium dehydration to be the controlling step.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Magnesium dehydration is the controlling step for the activation energy of the dolomite phase formed in this experiment.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater ease of calcium versus magnesium incorporation at this step is thus reflected in a reduction in activation energy for the dolomite crystal.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The difficulty in forming dolomite at sedimentary temperatures in this type of experiment is a large part of the original dolomite problem (Arvidson, 1998).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arvidson, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In addition, the initial precipitate in many sedimentary minerals is typically imperfect with respect to order and contaminants: the magnesian calcites themselves are excellent examples, containing excess water, sodium, sulfate, and bicarbonate, and surface defects, in addition to anion positional disorder introduced by magnesium substitution (Busenberg and Plummer, 1986;Mackenzie and others, 1983”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Busenberg and Plummer, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Mackenzie and others, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Morse and Mackenzie, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These phases, developed as heteronuclei on the surface of the dolomite substrate, should have had the effect of reducing the surface available for dolomite growth.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These positive contributions to free energy are lost during subsequent episodes of recrystallization during diagenesis, resulting in the formation of a stable, low-magnesium calcite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The case studies of natural dolomite precipitation presented in Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) support the observation that dolomite currently forming in low temperature environments responds strongly to increases in carbonate alkalinity, supplied either by aragonite dissolution or bicarbonate production during sulfate reduction.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus as the temperature dependence of the rate (measured at high temperatures) increases, the extrapolated value of the rate at earth surface temperatures decreases dramatically.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This style of growth, in which larger crystals form as aggregates of small nuclei, appears quite similar to that described by Carballo, Land, and Miser (1987) in supratidal dolomite forming in contact with little-modified seawater”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carballo, Land, and Miser (1987) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The times estimated for 25°C reactions (10 1 to 10 2 yrs) suggest that direct laboratory observation under these conditions is infeasible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a closed system, the rate law in its current form predicted that hundreds of years of laboratory observation would be required to detect this extent of reaction.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus it is likely that the transitions in mechanism predicted from classical nucleation and crystal growth theory (for example, growth via screw dislocation, growth rate proportional to defect density), perhaps not surprisingly, can also be applied to dolomite, assuming that sufficient measurements are feasible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Sufficient measurements are feasible to apply classical nucleation and crystal growth theory to dolomite.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These textures also resemble those observed in low temperature natural dolomites developing in supratidal sediments in contact with pore fluids of near-marine composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strong dependence on temperature and saturation state observed in these experiments suggests that it is the overall low rate of dolomite precipitation relative to competing carbonate phases at surface temperatures that determines dolomite's abundance in a sedimentary regime.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This comparison suggests that Mg 2ϩ dehydration represents a significant component of ⑀ A ; an activation energy associated with cation ordering was estimated at ϳ10 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consideration of the relationship between dolomite and calcite in terms of activation energies also suggests, however, that small increases in temperature would yield significant increases in dolomite precipitation rate relative to calcite, particularly in cases where calcite is either minimally supersaturated or undersaturated.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of high activation energy and relatively high order yield a reaction that is strongly sensitive to changes in both temperature and saturation state.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This comparison suggests that Mg 2ϩ dehydration represents a significant component of ⑀ A ; an activation energy associated with cation ordering was estimated at ϳ10 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dolomite produced in these experiments was variable in composition but typically a calcium-rich protodolomite, forming syntaxial overgrowths on the seed material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dolomite heteronuclei were somewhat more calcium-rich, having between 53.2 to 58.5 percent”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Backscatter SEM also shows some contrast between newly crystallizing dolomite and magnesian calcite, allowing the two phases to be distinguished (fig.5, top row).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This experiment (run Ti01) is the only one in which magnesite developed, and magnesite was observed only epitaxially, that is, not in apparent crystallographic continuity either with the dolomite substrate or dolomite phase overgrowths thereof.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEM/EDS analysis indicated these to be µm-sized particles of Fe, Ni, or Cr, probably contributed from the preheater tubing loop.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dolomite heteronuclei were somewhat more calcium-rich, having between 53.2 to 58.5 percent CaCO 3 , with some spot analyses encountering compositions slightly greater than 60 percent CaCO 3 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Syntaxial overgrowth of the substrate in this run was visible as the infilling of etch pits and the formation of a bumpy, irregular surface, compositionally indistinguishable under EDS from unreacted substrate material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The run at 170°C shows an incremental uptake of calcium and magnesium; however, the total alkalinity data indicate dissolution at this temperature.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These inclusions were not observed in reacted grains and presumably dissolved during reaction.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Syntaxial growth of new dolomite predominates in all samples except those reacted at high supersaturation, where it is also accompanied by coprecipitated phases (magnesian calcite and magnesite).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Growth was most commonly developed as thinly aggregated terraces (fig.3, top row).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples retrieved after lengthy reaction times at high temperatures were also typically discolored with small flecks of material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acid washing prior to reaction resulted in dissolution in the form of rounding of interfacial angles, subhedral boundaries, and development of etch pits (fig.2).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEM imaging also indicated a trace contribution of Fe and Mn in the form of oxide and silicate inclusions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At high supersaturations, in addition to what may be secondary nuclei forming on the seed surface, larger rhombic crystals form via the aggregation of submicro-sized nuclei.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect is at least partly borne out by these data, in which the log ratefoot_3 is a strong function of saturation index, which in turn mostly reflects the change in carbonate ion availability.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spot EDS analyses of what is clearly new dolomite to run Ti10 (170°-196°C, fig. 3) do show it to be calcium-rich in composition, in agreement with the fluid chemistry data.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variation in these EDS analyses also suggests variability in the surface composition, and although part of this variability may be an artifact of the instrument's semi-quantitative resolution, the data were nonetheless fairly reproducible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are not simply magnesian calcites-ϳ15 mol percent magnesian calcite did form but is identifiable from XRD and SEM data as a distinct, although clearly metastable, phase.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression of all data (including those derived from the literature) causes the order to diminish to 1.88 but increases the log frequency term by more than an order of magnitude to 2.09.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time required shortens considerably if the starting concentration of MgCl 2 is increased to 0.05 m; however, tens of years are still required at 25°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the approach to a steady state reaction was variable in duration and direction, no distinct trends could be found in terms of evolution in composition of the newly precipitating solid.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growth of magnesian calcites (ϳ15 mole percent MgCO 3 ) where observed appears to outcompete dolomite for available dissolved components, and thus largely buffers dolomite precipitation subsequent to its appearance.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Modern dolomite does indeed exist but is common only in certain environments: (1) marginal, restricted, hypersaline regimes such as the Coorong lakes of South Australia (Alderman, 1959), supratidal lagoons on the island of Bonaire, Netherland Antilles (Deffeyes, Lucia, and Weyl, 1965), and the sabkhas of the Persian Gulf (Wells, 1962)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alderman, 1959
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Deffeyes, Lucia, and Weyl, 1965
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wells, 1962 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a preliminary effort to place the few laboratory data available into a meaningful framework, Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) computed dolomite growth rates and solution saturation states from published dolomite synthesis experiments.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The relationship between these two independent pieces of information was expressed as a rate law consistent with the hypothesis that the rate of dolomite precipitation is a function of temperature and solution composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In more recent work, Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) observed that the rate of recrystallization of initially disordered (Ca,Mg)-carbonates was a strong function of temperature, and temperature increases produced corresponding increases in MgCO 3 and cation ordering.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This rate is exceedingly slow, and dolomite crystals growing at this rate would require 200 Ma to acquire an edge length of 1 mm.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dolomite is also found in environments ranging from the shallow subtidal (Mazzullo, Bischoff, and Teal, 1995) to supratidal (Carballo, Land, and Miser, 1987).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mazzullo, Bischoff, and Teal, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carballo, Land, and Miser, 1987 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“We also concluded that relatively modest increases in temperature and seawater saturation state could potentially give rise to large increases in the overall rate of dolomite precipitation and a substantial convergence of the relative rates of calcite and dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, rates cannot be meaningfully compared without simultaneous measurement of prevailing physico-chemical conditions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It should be emphasized that these materials, despite their metastability, are distinct from magnesium calcite, and this was the purpose of Graf and Goldsmith's (1956) original introduction of the term protodolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graf and Goldsmith's (1956) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Precipitation rates computed from this model agreed closely with age estimates in case studies of sabkha and organogenic dolomite of Recent to Pleistocene age.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In adsorption experiments at room temperature and fixed pCO 2 , Brady, Krumhansl, and Papenguth (1996) concluded that dehydration and carbonation of magnesium was the most probable rate-limiting step at low temperatures.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brady, Krumhansl, and Papenguth (1996) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 is also lower than the value of 42.1 kcal mol Ϫ1 obtained from an analysis of unpublished data from Gaines (1968, rates computed from 220° 250°C; see also Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997) which in turn is lower still than the only published value of 49 kcal mol Ϫ1 , determined from rates at temperatures from 252° to 295°C by Katz and Matthews (1977).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gaines (1968) also observed an increase in MgCO 3 with increasing temperature (220°-250°C), although the same effect in his experiments could be observed at fixed temperature (200 and 220°C) as the ratio of magnesium to calcium in solution was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 (his table 2, p. 30).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gaines (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alignment of magnesian calcite and dolomite rhombs suggests an underlying crystallographic control by the substrate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the precision in total alkalinity measurements was often poorer (ϳ0.3 percent) than that of total divalent cations (Ͻ0.1 percent), most experiments were conducted in solutions whose total cation concentration was an order of magnitude greater than the total alkalinity.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This leverage often made total alkalinity the quantity of choice in rate calculations.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests that precipitation of magnesian calcite can occur at the expense of dolomite and apparently can also drive dissolution of newly formed, soluble dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The stoichiometry of recrystallized dolomite also tends to improve with increasing temperature, and the composition of first-formed dolomite phases at any temperature tends to be richer in calcium compared to subsequent phases (50°-200°C, Malone, Baker, and Burns, 1996).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns, 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is thus possible that the lower activation energy observed reflects a reduced energy barrier to forming calcian dolomities.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereactor used in these experiments is similar in design to flow reactors used in solubility and kinetic studies of other minerals and is capable of measuring slow precipitation reactions at moderately elevated temperature and confining pressure.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To some extent this variability could be related to the conditions of the experiment, as described below.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was no indication from surface imaging that they interfered with growth of new material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ICP-ES analysis of reacted solutions from a single run at 150°C could not detect these elements.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Had the reactor been capable of maintaining a truly constant saturation index independent of temperature and reaction rate, measured rates at the higher temperatures would most likely have been higher still, giving a greater slope in figure 9, and thus a higher computed activation energy.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Last, changes in the dominant reaction mechanism with temperature may give rise to corresponding changes in activation energy, visible as changes in slope in figure 9.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data agreed with additional EGTA/ EDTA determinations of Ca and Mg in the seed dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Energies using the divalent cation data yield substantially lower energies, larger uncertainties, and poorer fits and can be safely discarded on the basis that they are less than calcite (on a per mole-CO 3 basis).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increases in the rate by virtue of temperature also brought about increased consumption of reactants, which in turn served to depress the ion activity product and in turn probably depressed the rate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The computed d-spacing of the primary 510146 1 and secondary diffraction peaks agreed with the entry for ideal dolomite obtained from the JCPDF database to the precision of the instrument.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial testing of the reactor by mounting surface thermocouples showed thermal gradients of less than 1°C over the reaction volume during recycle operation at temperatures up to ϳ200°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data (with few exceptions) reflect a more or less constant ratio of calcium to magnesium and thus are inadequate to evaluate how the rate may be influenced by changes in cation ratio, or by other influences such as ionic strength”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is indeed likely that both the cation disorder and solubility of the surface dolomite phase of these experiments are higher than the underlying substrate”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this may simply reflect the difficulty of resolving phases insufficiently different in composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This observation is direct contrast to earlier synthesis work, discussed in Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997), in which dolomite is formed through reaction of CaCO 3 and (Ca,Mg)Cl 2 solutions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Lippmann (1973) has carried this model somewhat further in postulating that it is the influence of ''activated'' carbonate ions that accelerate the rate of magnesite growth.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippmann (1973)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No provision is made for errors in saturation state calculations.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growth of sedimentary dolomite under conditions of greatly elevated alkalinity concentrations, for example by way of sulfate reduction, thus may not be purely a matter of grossly elevated supersaturations and implies additional dependencies, perhaps on the ratio of Mg 2ϩ to Ca 2ϩ activity, not explicitly described by the rate law in its current form.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Note however, that the time required for reaction at ϳ50°C, although still lengthy, are not unreasonable, in qualitative agreement with the results of Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These layers closely resemble those developed in published calcite growth kinetics experiments (compare figs. 3 and 4 with 9, Shiraki and Brantley, 1995) and imply a mechanism of polynuclear growth, in which the surfaces accrete through the growth, spread, and coalescence of multiple nucleation points.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shiraki and Brantley, 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, poor cation ordering and excess calcium are hallmarks of Holocene dolomite as well, as discussed in Arvidson (1998).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arvidson (1998)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a 0.5 m matrix of NaCl, decrease in activity coefficients and increased complexation retard the rate further.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Errors for all rates (except those computed from published hydrothermal bomb experiments) have been estimated by combining the titration errors with the uncertainty in the activation energy value using standard propagation of error.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO 3 layer, then one would expect its activation energy to be related to those of the magnesium-bearing single carbonates.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO3 layer.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The values obtained by regression for these parameters are sensitive to errors in the observables (rates and saturation indices), and the computed model rate will thus also be sensitive to the parameter values chosen from the regression analysis.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that data judged to be of poor quality, either because of problems with the reactor itself or because of uncertainties regarding the effect of coprecipitating phases, were excluded from this treatment.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Based on these compositions, comparison of activation energy, and evidence of dissolution in certain runs, the dolomite forming in these experiments is most likely protodolomite, sensu Graf and Goldsmith (1956), with a solubility greater than that of the underlying dolomite substrate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graf and Goldsmith (1956) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of these energies with those estimated from a comparison of hydration enthalpies of Ca 2ϩ versus Mg 2ϩ suggests that Mg 2ϩ dehydration is a major component of activation energy, with the remaining energy involved in cation ordering.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“raising the possibility that such developments are twins with shared axes.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extrapolations to laboratory conditions suggest infeasibly long reaction times at 25°, but with significant improvement at slightly higher temperatures.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · hedged
“The times estimated for 25°C reactions (10 1 to 10 2 yrs) suggest that direct laboratory observation under these conditions is infeasible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if the abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment, the high sensitivity of the rate to changes in temperature and seawater chemistry raises the possibility that past environmental shifts have altered the fluxes of magnesium to carbonate versus basalt reservoirs.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although the control and history of seawater composition has long been of interest, recent work tends to be largely dismissive of the importance of dolomite (Hardie, 1996;Stanley and Hardie, 1998).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
“As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the precipitation rate of dolomite may be quantified and modeled in a manner similar to other carbonate minerals through application of a rate law that represents the rate as a simple function of saturation index, r ؍ k(⍀ ؊ 1) n .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
“The rate constant k is assumed to have an Arrhenius form,”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The reactive surface area S is equivalent to the total surface area of the seed material.
“S, hereafter assumed equivalent to total surface area”
The paper relies on this without support.
The meager distribution of Recent dolomite contrasts strongly with its common abundance in ancient sedimentary rocks of marine origin, producing the dolomite problem.
“The meager distribution of Recent dolomite contrasts strongly with its common abundance in ancient sedimentary rocks of marine origin, leading to the paradox commonly referred to as the ''dolomite problem.''”
The paper relies on this without support.
Surface seawater is strongly oversaturated with respect to ideal dolomite, and yet there is little evidence of widespread dolomite precipitation in modern, open marine sediments.
“Surface seawater is strongly oversaturated with respect to ideal dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ), and yet there is little evidence of widespread dolomite precipitation in modern, open marine sediments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a general consensus that the dearth of Recent dolomite reflects a kinetic control.
“There is a general consensus that the dearth of Recent dolomite reflects a kinetic control, but there are very few measurements of rates of dolomite growth from either field or laboratory settings.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Corrections for pH electrode drift can be made by assuming the slope and intercept are linear functions of time.
“Corrections due to drift in the electrode's calibration were made by assuming the slope and intercept to be linear functions of time t, and interpolating pH(t) appropriately.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The terms represented by the ellipsis in eq (8) are invariant over the experimental temperature span.
“The ellipsis in eq (8) encumbers terms assumed to be invariant over this span of temperature.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The reaction is driven by the distance from equilibrium with respect to ideal dolomite, not by a phase rendered more soluble by calcium enrichment and cation disordering.
“Second, we have made the assumption that it is the distance from equilibrium with respect to ideal dolomite and not a phase rendered more soluble by calcium enrichment and cation disordering that drives this reaction.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mechanism of growth is identical in magnesite and calcite, and thus the values for frequency factor and reaction order are identical.
“If we assume that the mechanism of growth is identical in both minerals (and thus that the values for frequency factor and reaction order are identical)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Dolomite growth can be viewed as a process of constructing alternating layers of calcite and magnesite.
“If dolomite growth is viewed as a process of constructing alternating layers of calcite and magnesite”
The authors state this as an assumption.
At a given temperature, dehydration of calcium requires less energy than magnesium.
“If, at a given temperature, dehydration of calcium requires less energy than magnesium”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO3 layer.
“If the rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO 3 layer”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ordering in the relatively well-ordered dolomites synthesized by Gaines (1968) is essentially perfect.
“If ordering in the latter case is assumed to be essentially perfect”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The change in activation energy with MgCO3 content is linear.
“A linear relationship is assumed for the change in activation energy with MgCO 3 , using energies for calcite (Kazmierczak, Tomson, and Nancollas, 1982) and magnesite (computed from Lippmann, 1973).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The entry for logr + εA/2.3RT assumes an activation energy value of 31.9 kcal mol−1.
“The entry for logr ϩ ⑀ A /2.3 RT assumes an activation energy value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 computed from run Ti10.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Both regression lines assume an activation energy of 31.9 kcal mol−1.
“Both lines assume an activation energy of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The difference in solubility between the product surface phase and ideal dolomite is not a function of temperature.
“If we make the dubious assumption that this difference in solubility is not a function of temperature”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The coprecipitated phase is a calcian dolomite with 57 percent CaCO3.
“assuming a calcian dolomite (57 percent CaCO 3 )”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Magnesium dehydration is the controlling step for the activation energy of the dolomite phase formed in this experiment.
“predicted by assuming magnesium dehydration to be the controlling step”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Sufficient measurements are feasible to apply classical nucleation and crystal growth theory to dolomite.
“assuming that sufficient measurements are feasible.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment.
“if the abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous works have also noted an increasing dolomitization rate with higher alkalinity in all experiments.69−71”
From Low-Temperature Synthesis of Disordered Dolomite and High-Magnesium Calcite in Ethanol–Water Solutions: The Solvation Effect and Implications (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is possible that the process takes a long time under ambient conditions [72,132,144], but this may not be long on a geologic timescale.”
From Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Dolomite Formation: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Thus, the non-classical crystallization can be seen as a preliminary step prior to the nucleation of the crystalline step, which may occur to overcome the kinetic barriers.37,56”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO 2 capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Precipitates treated with weak acetic acid to remove Ca carbonates (e.g., 24) revealed low yields [based on Xray diffraction (XRD) intensity] of Mg calcite (19-49 mol % Mg; calculated from XRD with 3; % MgCO 3 = [(-363.96*d-spacing)+ 1,104.5])and disordered (64-75 mol % Mg; calculated from XRD with 3) and ordered dolomite [CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ] (Fig. 3).”
From Surface chemistry allows for abiotic precipitation of dolomite at low temperature (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is also important to note that one mechanism does not exclude the other.37”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO 2 capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
“the only published value of 49 kcal mol Ϫ1 , determined from rates at temperatures from 252° to 295°C by Katz and Matthews (1977).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
“The latter two values are taken from the analysis of data from Gaines (1968, see also Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997) and published values from Katz and Matthews (1977), respectively.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
“By using the term log r ϩ ⑀ A /RT, the intention is to compare rates that are essentially normalized with respect to temperature and thus primarily observe the effect of changing saturation state.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
“The entry for logr ϩ ⑀ A /2.3 RT assumes an activation energy value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 computed from run Ti10.”
Citations
Cites
Levenspiel, O. (1999) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie990488g · Cited by 9,982
Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences.
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Johnson, J. W., Oelkers, É. H., & Helgeson, H. C. (1992) · Computers & Geosciences · doi:10.1016/0098-3004(92)90029-q · Cited by 2,637
Helgeson, H. C., Kirkham, D. H., & Flowers, G. C. (1981) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.281.10.1249 · Cited by 1,781
Tanger, J. C., & Helgeson, H. C. (1988) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.288.1.19 · Cited by 932
Stanley, S. M., & Hardie, L. A. (1998) · Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(98)00109-6 · Cited by 830
Numerical Recipes in Fortran: The Art of Scientific Computing.
G., W., Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., et al. (1994) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.2307/2153422 · Cited by 753
Vasconcelos, C., & McKenzie, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.1306/d4268577-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d · Cited by 620
The Origin of Massive Dolomite
Land, L. S. (1985) · Journal of Geological Education · doi:10.5408/0022-1368-33.2.112 · Cited by 614
Lab., C. (. S. L. L. N., Wolery, T., & USDOE, W. (1992) · doi:10.2172/138643 · Cited by 569
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [3]3. Arvidson, R. S., ms, 1998, The kinetics of dolomite precipitation with application to changes in seawater saturation state over the past 100 Ma: Ph.D. thesis, Honolulu, The University of Hawaii, 320 p.
- [9]9. Bischoff, W. D., ms, 1985, Magnesian calcites; physical and chemical properties and stabilities in aqueous solution of synthetic and biogenic phases: Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, 144 p.
- [11]11. Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L. N., 1986, A comparative study of the dissolution and crystal growth kinetics of calcite and aragonite, in Mumpton, F. A., editor, Studies in Diagenesis: U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1578, p. 139-168.
- [16]16. Deffeyes, K. S., Lucia, F. J., and Weyl, P. K., 1965, Dolomitization of recent and Plio-Pleistocene sediments by marine evaporite water on Bonaire, Netherland Antilles, in Pray, L. C., and Murray, R. C., editors, Dolomitization and Limestone Diagenesis: A Symposium: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Publication no. 13, p. 71-88.
- [18]18. Gaines, A. M., ms, 1968, An Experimental Investigation of the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Formation of Dolomite: Ph.D. thesis, Chicago, The University of Chicago, 83 p.
- [35]35. Lippmann, F., 1973, Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals, Minerals, Rocks and Inorganic Materials, Monograph Series of Theoretical and Experimental Studies, v. 4: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 228 p.
- [40]40. Morse, J. W., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1990, Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates, Vol. 48 of Developments in Sedimentology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 707 p.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks
Veizer, J., & Mackenzie, F. T. (2014) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00715-4 · Cited by 1,592
Palandri, J. L., & Kharaka, Y. K. (2004) · Open-File Report · doi:10.3133/ofr20041068 · Cited by 1,352
Calcium Carbonate Formation and Dissolution
Morse, J. W., Arvidson, R. S., & Lüttge, A. (2007) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr050358j · Cited by 1,228
Self-citationConcepts and models of dolomitization: a critical reappraisal
Machel, H. G. (2004) · Geological Society, London, Special Publications · doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2004.235.01.02 · Cited by 831
Gregg, J. M., Bish, D. L., Kaczmarek, S. E., & Machel, H. G. (2015) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12202 · Cited by 480
“…Gaines, 1968, 1974; Katz & Matthews, 1977; Malone et al., 1996; Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1997, 1999), at higher alkalinity (Morrow & Rickets, 1988; Arvidson and MacKenzie, 1997, 1999), at higher concentrations (molarity) of Ca and Mg (Land, 1967), at higher fluid to rock ratios (Land, 1967) and…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Arvidson, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arvidson, R. S.
- ORCID
- Arvidson, R. S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Science
- Publisher
- American Journal of Science (AJS)
- Published
- 1999-04-01
- Volume
- 299
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 257-288
- ISSN
- 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017918382
- Semantic Scholar
- a7089a5eff292400fe9e9a919119e166bfc231c5
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Keywords
- dolomite problem, saturation index, temperature dependence, activation energy, Arrhenius rate constants, reaction order, protodolomite, syntaxial overgrowths, nucleation, dolomite origin, carbonate precipitation, seawater chemistry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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