School Start Times and the Sleep–Wake Cycle of Adolescents: A Review and Critical Evaluation of Available Evidence
Abstract
The authors have integrated the major findings on the sleep–wake cycle and its performance correlates in adolescents. Basic research shows that lack of synchronicity between early school start times and the circadian rhythm of adolescents (and the sleep debt accumulated as a result) involves several cognitive correlates that may harm the academic performance of adolescent students. The authors therefore examined findings from pilot interventions in which schools delayed their start times; specifically, they examined the effects on students, including potential pitfalls and strategies to consider for effective scheduling change. There is sufficient evidence that adolescent students would benefit from delaying school start times and that this change can be implemented with tolerable consequences if adequately strategized by school districts and communities.
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In school districts where high school students use public transportation, transportation logistics are less of an issue.
“in school districts that high school students use public transportation (e.g., public bus system), transportation logistics are less of an issue [113].”
From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [113]
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- Authors
- Kirby, M., Maggi, S., & D’Angiulli, A.
- Venue
- Educational Researcher
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 56-61
- ISSN
- 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-102X
- OpenAlex
- W2059599486
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- school start time, adolescent sleep, circadian rhythm, sleep debt, sleep deprivation, academic performance, cognitive performance, school scheduling
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