Latent activity rhythm disturbance sub-groups and longitudinal change in depression symptoms among older men
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Activity rhythm disturbances and depression often co-occur among older adults. However, little is known about how activity rhythm disturbances themselves co-occur, or how disturbances to multiple aspects of the activity rhythm relate to depression over time. In this study, we performed a Latent Class Analysis to derive sub-groups of older men [total n = 2933, mean age = 76.28, standard deviation (SD) = 5.48] who shared similar patterns of activity rhythm disturbances (defined as extreme values of modeled activity rhythm parameters). We found eight sub-groups with distinct combinations of activity rhythm disturbances: one had all normative activity rhythm parameters (32.09%), one had only lower activity (10.06%), three had earlier activity (totaling 26.96%) and three had later activity (totaling 30.89%). Groups with similar timing were distinguished depending on whether the relative length of the active period was shorter and/or if the activity rhythm had lesser amplitude/robustness. We next examined whether the derived activity rhythm sub-groups were associated with different rates of change in depression symptom levels over an average of 5.5 (0.52 SD) follow-up years. The sub-group with lower activity only had faster increases in depressive symptoms over time (compared with the group with normative rhythm parameters), but this association was accounted for by adjustments for concurrently assessed health status covariates. Independent of these covariates, we found that four activity rhythm disturbance sub-groups experienced faster depressive symptom increases (compared with the normative sub-group): These included all three sub-groups that had later activity timing and one sub-group that had earlier activity timing plus a shorter active period and a dampened rhythm. Low activity rhythm height/robustness with normal timing therefore may mark depression risk that is attributable to co-occurring disease processes; in contrast, having late or combined early/compressed/dampened activity rhythms may independently contribute to depression symptom development. Our findings suggest that activity rhythm-related depression risk is heterogeneous, and may be detected when multiple aspects of rhythm timing are delayed or when early timing is accompanied by compressed/dampened activity rhythms. Future studies should consider how distinct combinations of altered activity rhythm timing and height/robustness develop and conjointly determine health risks. Further research is also needed to determine whether/how activity rhythms can be modified to improve depression outcomes.
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Among cosinor-based metrics, lower pseudo-F statistic values and later acrophase, both based on steps and heart rate, were associated with more severe symptoms, but these correlations became nonsignificant after FDR correction and in multiple regression analysis.
“our data indicated lower pseudo-F statistic values and later acrophase, both based on steps and heart rate, in participants with more severe symptoms, which is consistent with existing evidence [22,23,25,26,29,30], yet these correlations became nonsignificant after the FDR correction and in multiple regression analysis.”
From Digital Biomarkers for Depression Screening With Wearable Devices: Cross-sectional Study With Machine Learning Modeling (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Smagula, S. F., Boudreau, R. M., Stone, K., Reynolds, C. F., Bromberger, J. T., Ancoli-Israel, S., Dam, T.-T., Barrett-Connor, E., & Cauley, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smagula, Stephen F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-11-23
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1427-1437
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- PMC
- PMC4729211
- OpenAlex
- W2187340418
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000128)
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG042145, U01AG042168, U01AG042143, U01AG027810, U01AG042139, U01AG042124, U01AG042140, T32AG000181)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL070847, R01HL070839, R01HL070838, R01HL070841, R01HL070848, R01HL071194, R01HL070837, R01HL070842)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019986)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR066160)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- depression, older men, circadian rhythm, activity timing, depressive symptom trajectories
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Risk Factors, Sleep, Chronobiology Disorders
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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