Antiphospholipid autoantibodies as blood biomarkers for detection of early stage Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
A robust blood biomarker is urgently needed to facilitate early prognosis for those at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Redox reactive autoantibodies (R-RAAs) represent a novel family of antibodies detectable only after exposure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, plasma or immunoglobulin fractions to oxidizing agents. We have previously reported that R-RAA antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are significantly decreased in the CSF and serum of AD patients compared to healthy controls (HCs). These studies were extended to measure R-RAA aPL in serum samples obtained from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Serum samples from the ADNI-1 diagnostic groups from participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD and HCs were blinded for diagnosis and analyzed for R-RAA aPL by ELISA. Demographics, cognitive data at baseline and yearly follow-up were subsequently provided by ADNI after posting assay data. As observed in CSF, R-RAA aPL in sera from the AD diagnostic group were significantly reduced compared to HC. However, the sera from the MCI population contained significantly elevated R-RAA aPL activity relative to AD patient and/or HC sera. The data presented in this study indicate that R-RAA aPL show promise as a blood biomarker for detection of early AD, and warrant replication in a larger sample. Longitudinal testing of an individual for increases in R-RAA aPL over a previously established baseline may serve as a useful early sero-epidemiologic blood biomarker for individuals at risk for developing dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
AD has disease-specific alterations in humoral immunity that extend over canonical AD pathological targets.
“pointing to diseasespecific alterations in humoral immunity that extend over canonical AD pathological targets [104].”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
The Results (Pilot study) report altered antiphospholipid autoantibodies in MCI and AD groups, supporting humoral changes involving targets beyond canonical AD pathology. But the Discussion and conclusions say that selectivity for AD versus other neurological diseases still needs to be assessed, so the claim of disease-specific alterations is not established. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRedox-reactive anti-phospholipid autoantibodies are significantly reduced in the serum of AD patients relative to healthy controls.
“redox-reactive anti phospholipid autoantibodies were found to be significantly reduced in the serum of AD patients relative to healthy controls”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Baltosser, W. H., & Zar, J. H. (1996) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/2265725 · Cited by 35,166 · see citing works
Classification and Regression Trees.
Gordon, A. D., Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530946 · Cited by 23,834 · see citing works
Classification and Regression Trees.
Ryzin, J. V., Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288003 · Cited by 21,028 · see citing works
The WEKA data mining software: an update
Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., & Witten, I. H. (2009) · ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter · doi:10.1145/1656274.1656278 · Cited by 17,750 · see citing works
Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults
Lin, F. R., Yaffe, K., Xia, J., Xue, Q.-L., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Ayonayon, H. N., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., et al. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868 · Cited by 4,017 · see citing works
Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer's diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteins
Ray, S., Britschgi, M., Herbert, C., Takeda-Uchimura, Y., Boxer, A., Blennow, K., Friedman, L. F., Galasko, D. R., Jutel, M., Karydas, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1653 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
2014 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.02.001 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults
Mapstone, M. E., Cheema, A. K., Fiandaca, M. S., Zhong, X., Mhyre, T. R., MacArthur, L. H., Hall, W. J., Fisher, S. G., Peterson, D. R., Haley, J. M., et al. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3466 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Fiandaca, M. S., Kapogiannis, D., Mapstone, M., Boxer, A., Eitan, E., Schwartz, J. B., Abner, E. L., Petersen, R. C., Federoff, H. J., Miller, B. L., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.008 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Cheng, L., Sharples, R. A., Scicluna, B. J., & Hill, A. F. (2014) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.3402/jev.v3.23743 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Find-me and eat-me signals in apoptotic cell clearance: progress and conundrums
Ravichandran, K. S. (2010) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20101157 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Blood-Based Protein Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
Doecke, J. D. (2012) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.1282 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Smith, M. A., Zhu, X., Tabaton, M., Liu, G., McKeel, D. W., Cohen, M. L., Wang, X., Siedlak, S. L., Dwyer, B. E., Hayashi, T., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1239 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Padurariu, M., Ciobica, A., Hritcu, L., Stoica, B., Bild, W., & Stefanescu, C. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.033 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Kapogiannis, D., Boxer, A. L., Schwartz, J. B., Abner, E. L., Biragyn, A., Masharani, U. B., Frassetto, L. A., Petersen, R. C., Miller, B. L., & Goetzl, E. J. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-262048 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Ağar, Ç., OS, G. M. A. V., Mörgelin, M., Sprenger, R. R., Marquart, J. A., Urbanus, R. T., Derksen, R. H. W. M., Meijers, J. C. M., & de Groot, P. G. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-12-260976 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Plasma Biomarkers Associated With the Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Alzheimer Disease
Soares, H. D. (2012) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.1070 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Plasma proteins predict conversion to dementia from prodromal disease
Hye, A., Riddoch‐Contreras, J., Baird, A. L., Ashton, N. J., Bazenet, C. E., Leung, R., Westman, E., Simmons, A., Dobson, R., Sattlecker, M., et al. (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1749 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease Based on Disease-Specific Autoantibody Profiles in Human Sera
Han, M. C., Nagele, E. P., DeMarshall, C. A., Acharya, N. K., & Nagele, R. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032383 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Inflammatory Proteins in Plasma Are Associated with Severity of Alzheimer’s Disease
Leung, R., Proitsi, P., Simmons, A., Lunnon, K., Güntert, A., Kronenberg, D., Pritchard, M., Tsolaki, M., Mecocci, P., Kloszewska, I., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064971 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Disease-Specific Autoantibody Profiles in Human Sera
Nagele, E. P., Han, M. C., DeMarshall, C. A., Belinka, B. A., & Nagele, R. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023112 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
González‐Domínguez, R., García‐Barrera, T., & Gómez‐Ariza, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.014 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
López, N., Tormo, C., Blas, I. D., Llinares, I., & Alom, J. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121528 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) recognize a kininogen- PE complex
Sugi, T., & McIntyre, J. (1995) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v86.8.3083.3083 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationLevin, E. C., Acharya, N. K., Han, M. C., Zavareh, S., Sedeyn, J. C., Venkataraman, V., & Nagele, R. G. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.038 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
González‐Domínguez, R., García‐Barrera, T., & Gómez‐Ariza, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.023 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
MicroRNA in Alzheimer’s disease: an exploratory study in brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma
Bekris, L. M., Lutz, F., Montine, T. J., Yu, C., Tsuang, D. W., Peskind, E. R., & Leverenz, J. B. (2013) · Biomarkers · doi:10.3109/1354750x.2013.814073 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
NOX Activity Is Increased in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Bruce‐Keller, A. J., Gupta, S., Parrino, T. E., Knight, A. G., Ebenezer, P. J., Weidner, A. M., LeVine, H., Keller, J. N., & Markesbery, W. R. (2009) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2823 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Blood-Based Algorithm for the Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease
O’Bryant, S. E., Xiao, G., Barber, R. C., Reisch, J., Hall, J. R., Cullum, C. M., Doody, R. S., Fairchild, T., Adams, P. M., Wilhelmsen, K. C., et al. (2011) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000330750 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Using direct infusion mass spectrometry for serum metabolomics in Alzheimer’s disease
González‐Domínguez, R., García‐Barrera, T., & Gómez‐Ariza, J. L. (2014) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8102-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Histone Deacetylases Enzyme, Copper, and IL-8 Levels in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
Alsadany, M. A., Shehata, H. H., Mohamad, M. I., & Mahfouz, R. (2012) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317512467680 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dimitrov, J. D., Roumenina, L. T., Doltchinkova, V. R., Mihaylova, N., Lacroix‐Desmazes, S., Kaveri, S. V., & Vassilev, T. L. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m702751200 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Phospholipid Binding Plasma Proteins Required for Antiphospholipid Antibody Detection—An Overview
McIntyre, J. A., Wagenknecht, D. R., & Sugi, T. (1997) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00198.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoantibodies unmasked by redox reactions
McIntyre, J. A., Wagenknecht, D. R., & Faulk, W. P. (2005) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2005.03.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Patients Display Different Levels of Redox-Active CSF Iron
Manuel Lavados, M., Guillón, M., Mujica, M. C., Rojo, L. E., Fuentes, P., & Maccioni, R. B. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-13211 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Redox-reactive autoantibodies: Detection and physiological relevance
McIntyre, J. A., Wagenknecht, D. R., & Faulk, W. P. (2005) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2005.07.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationAntiphospholipid antibodies: discovery, definitions, detection and disease
McIntyre, J. A., Wagenknecht, D. R., & Faulk, W. P. (2003) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0163-7827(02)00048-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, F., Jia, J., Wang, S., Qin, W., & Liu, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2012.06.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Maftei, M., Thurm, F., Schnack, C., Tumani, H., Otto, M., Elbert, T. R., Kolassa, I., Przybylski, M., Manea, M., & Arnim, C. A. F. V. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068996 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ray, L., Khemka, V. K., Behera, P., Bandyopadhyay, K., Pal, S., Pal, K., Basu, D., & Chakrabarti, S. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Plasma Acetylcholinesterase Activity Correlates with Intracerebral β-Amyloid Load
Alkalay, A., Rabinovici, G. D., Zimmerman, G., Agarwal, N., Kaufer, D., Miller, B. L., Jagust, W. J., & Soreq, H. (2013) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205011310010007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Potential Blood Biomarker for Disease Severity in the Taiwanese Population With Alzheimer’s Disease
Huang, C.-W., Wang, S.-J., Wu, S.-J., Yang, C.-C., Huang, M.-W., Lin, C., & Cheng, I. H.-J. (2012) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317512467674 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Altered Serum IgG Levels to α-Synuclein in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer’s Disease
Koehler, N. K. U., Stransky, E., Shing, M., Gaertner, S., Meyer, M., Schreitmüller, B., Leyhe, T., Laske, C., Maetzler, W., Kahle, P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064649 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hemin-mediated Hemolysis in Erythrocytes: Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione
Li, S.-D., Yan-dan, S., Li, M., & Zou, C. (2006) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00127.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Honma, T., Hatta, K., Hitomi, Y., Kambayashi, Y., Hibino, Y., Konoshita, T., & Nakamura, H. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3816 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Laske, C., Schmohl, M., Leyhe, T., Stransky, E., Maetzler, W., Berg, D., Fallgatter, A. J., Joos, T. O., & Dietzsch, J. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-121558 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bai, L., Song, N., Yu, J., Tan, L., Shen, Y., Xie, J., & Jiang, H. (2013) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205011310010008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Use of whole blood for analysis of disease-associated biomarkers
May, J. E., Pemberton, R. M., Hart, J. P., McLeod, J., Wilcock, G. K., & Doran, O. (2013) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2013.02.024 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neurofilament a biomarker of neurodegeneration in autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Gnanapavan, S., Grant, D., Pryce, G., Jackson, S., Baker, D., & Giovannoni, G. (2012) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916934.2012.654865 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
McIntyre, J. A., Wagenknecht, D. R., & Ramsey, C. J. (2009) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916930903074833 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRedox‐Reactive Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluids
McIntyre, J. A., Hamilton, R. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1398.035 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationRedox-reactive autoantibodies in Alzheimer's patients' cerebrospinal fluids: Preliminary studies
McIntyre, J. A., Chapman, J., Stein, E. S., Hamilton, R. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2007) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916930701421020 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationInteraction of low-density lipoproteins of serum with hemin
Nishida, T., & Kummerow, F. A. (1962) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40390-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Weiner, M. W., Veitch, D. P., Aisen, P. S. S., Beckett, L. A., Cairns, N. J., Green, R. C., Harvey, D. J., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W. J., Morris, J. C., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.11.007 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers for the Early Detection and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
Counts, S. E., Ikonomovic, M. D., Mercado, N., Vega, I. E., & Mufson, E. J. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-016-0481-z · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Heme: Modulator of Plasma Systems in Hemolytic Diseases
Roumenina, L. T., Rayes, J., Lacroix‐Desmazes, S., & Dimitrov, J. D. (2016) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2016.01.004 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Plasma 24-metabolite Panel Predicts Preclinical Transition to Clinical Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Fiandaca, M. S., Zhong, X., Cheema, A. K., Orquiza, M. H., Chidambaram, S., Tan, M. T., Gresenz, C. R., Fitzgerald, K. T., Nalls, M. A., Singleton, A., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00237 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Jianming, W., & Ling, L. (2016) · The Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.7555/jbr.30.20150131 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Exploring Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Sharma, N. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/18828.8166 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Beutgen, V. M., Perumal, N., Pfeiffer, N., & Grus, F. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00381 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
DeMarshall, C. A., Han, M. C., Nagele, E. P., Sarkar, A., Acharya, N. K., Godsey, G. A., Goldwaser, E. L., Kosciuk, M. C., Thayasivam, U., Belinka, B. A., et al. (2015) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2015.09.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease
Altuna, M., & Mendióroz, M. (2020) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.03.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Point-of-Care Devices Using Disease Biomarkers To Diagnose Neurodegenerative Disorders
Wei, T., Fu, Y., Chang, K., Lin, K., Lin, Y.-J., & Cheng, C. (2017) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Peripheral Routes to Neurodegeneration: Passing Through the Blood–Brain Barrier
Giannoni, P., Claeysen, S., Noe, F., & Marchi, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Biomarcadores sanguíneos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer
Altuna, M., & Mendióroz, M. (2018) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2018.03.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chatanaka, M. K., Sohaei, D., Diamandis, E. P., & Prassas, I. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2023.2187342 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Risk Assessment and Antithrombotic Strategies in Antiphospholipid Antibody Carriers
Calcaterra, I. L., Ambrosino, P., Vitelli, N., Lupoli, R., Orsini, R. C., Chiurazzi, M., Maniscalco, M., & Minno, M. N. D. D. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9020122 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Serum Autoantibodies as Biomarkers for Parkinsons Disease: Background and Utility
DeMarshall, C. A., Sarkar, A., & Nagele, R. G. (2015) · AIMS Medical Science · doi:10.3934/medsci.2015.4.316 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
POCT devices for neurodegenerative disorders: from lab to clinics
Parihar, A., Choudhary, N. K., & Khan, R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95539-3.00015-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The potential of circulating autoantibodies in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Yin, W., & Stover, C. M. (2017) · AIMS Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.3934/allergy.2017.2.62 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Uso dos biomarcadores plasmáticos na otimização do diagnóstico precoce do Alzheimer
de Oliveira, M. A., Rolim, J. C., Nogueira, T. B. D. S. D. S., de Sousa, M. N. A., & Rolim, L. A. D. M. D. M. (2021) · Revista Brasileira Multidisciplinar · doi:10.25061/2527-2675/rebram/2021.v24i1.814 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease?
Charavner, E.-L., Fillatreau, S., & El Behi, M. (2026) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2026.105154
OuYang, C., Shi, H., & Lin, Z. (2025) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2025.2499890
Autoantibodies in Alzheimer's disease: Multifaceted roles and therapeutic horizons
Gong, J., Li, S., Han, X., Wang, P., Sun, W., Xu, C., Luan, H., Wen, B., Guo, J., & Wei, C. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251350292
- Authors
- McIntyre, J. A., Ramsey, C. J., Gitter, B. D., Saykin, A. J., Wagenknecht, D. R., Hyslop, P. A., & Initiative, F. T. A. D. N.
- Affiliations
- Franciscan Health Indianapolis (US)
- Curtis Ramsey and Associates, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- Arkley BioTek, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Corresponding author
- Hyslop, Paul A.
- Venue
- Autoimmunity
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-02-12
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 344-351
- ISSN
- 0891-6934 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-842X
- PMC
- PMC4490126
- OpenAlex
- W1978601320
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autoimmunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- PMC
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001108, 5u01ag024904-10)
- National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-024904, P30AG010133, R01 AG19771, R01AG019771, RC2AG036535, P30 AG-10133, U24AG021886)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (R01LM011360)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Keywords
- antiphospholipid antibodies, Alzheimer's disease, blood biomarkers, early detection, mild cognitive impairment, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, oxidative stress, ADNI
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Male, Pilot Projects, Prognosis, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Antibodies, Antiphospholipid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
