Columbia River Estuary ecosystem classification—Concept and application

Simenstad, Charles A.; Burke, Jennifer L.; O'Connor, Jim E.; Cannon, Charles; Heatwole, Danelle W.; Ramirez, Mary F.; Waite, Ian R.; Counihan, Timothy D.; Jones, Krista L.

doi:10.3133/ofr20111228

Cited by 43Hydrology and Sediment Transport ProcessesCoastal wetland ecosystem dynamicsGeological formations and processes

Columbia River Estuary ecosystem classification—Concept and application

Simenstad, Charles A., Burke, Jennifer L., O'Connor, Jim E., Cannon, Charles, Heatwole, Danelle W., Ramirez, Mary F., Waite, Ian R., Counihan, Timothy D. +1 more·2011·Open-File Report

DOI 10.3133/ofr20111228

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Abstract

This document describes the concept, organization, and application of a hierarchical ecosystem classification that integrates saline and tidal freshwater reaches of estuaries in order to characterize the ecosystems of large flood plain rivers that are strongly influenced by riverine and estuarine hydrology. We illustrate the classification by applying it to the Columbia River estuary (Oregon-Washington, USA), a system that extends about 233 river kilometers (rkm) inland from the Pacific Ocean. More than three-quarters of this length is tidal freshwater. The Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification ("Classification") is based on six hierarchical levels, progressing from the coarsest, regional scale to the finest, localized scale: (1) Ecosystem Province; (2) Ecoregion; (3) Hydrogeomorphic Reach; (4) Ecosystem Complex; (5) Geomorphic Catena; and (6) Primary Cover Class. We define and map Levels 1-3 for the entire Columbia River estuary with existing geospatial datasets, and provide examples of Levels 4-6 for one hydrogeomorphic reach. In particular, three levels of the Classification capture the scales and categories of ecosystem structure and processes that are most tractable to estuarine research, monitoring, and management. These three levels are the (1) eight hydrogeomorphic reaches that embody the formative geologic and tectonic processes that created the existing estuarine landscape and encompass the influence of the resulting physiography on interactions between fl…

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The Columbia River estuary is over 75% freshwater tidal.
“This problem is particularly relevant for the Columbia River estuary, which is over 75% freshwater tidal [13].”
From Estimating Common Growth Patterns in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Diverse Genetic Stocks and a Large Spatial Extent (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Although most of the LCRE upstream of Astoria (rkm 25) has likely subsided, some along-channel and urban parts of the floodplain have been filled.
“Although most of the LCRE upstream of Astoria (rkm 25) has likely subsided, some along-channel and urban parts of the floodplain have been filled.”
From Shallow-Water Habitat in the Lower Columbia River Estuary: A Highly Altered System (2024) · cites this paper as Simenstad et al. 2011

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Self-citation

Authors: Simenstad, C. A., Burke, J. L., O'Connor, J. E., Cannon, C., Heatwole, D. W., Ramirez, M. F., Waite, I. R., Counihan, T. D., & Jones, K. L.
ORCID: O'Connor, Jim E.
Cannon, Charles
Waite, Ian R.
Counihan, Timothy D.
Jones, Krista L.
Venue: Open-File Report
Publisher: US Geological Survey
Published: 2011
Pages: i-54
ISSN: 0196-1497 (ISSN-L)
2331-1258
DOI: 10.3133/ofr20111228
OpenAlex: W1537942103
Cited by: 42
References: 49
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2012: 1
Type: report
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
Keywords: Columbia River estuary, hierarchical classification, tidal freshwater, ecoregions, floodplain rivers, estuarine landscape

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Columbia River Estuary ecosystem classification—Concept and application

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