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The Abundance and Distribution of Hatchery and Naturally Produced Chinook Salmon in Columbia River Estuary Nearshore Habitat

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Bottom, Daniel L., Hinton, Susan A., Teel, David J., Curtis Roegner, G., Johnson, Lyndal L., Sandford, Benjamin P.·2021·North American Journal of Fisheries Management
DOI 10.1002/nafm.10671
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Abstract

Columbia River hatcheries release millions of juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to support fisheries and mitigate for historical productivity declines from dam construction and upriver habitat losses. Recent federal biological opinions for Federal Columbia River Power System operations also have mandated restoration of estuarine rearing habitats to mitigate for mortality of naturally produced (NP) salmon at main-stem dams. We compared genetic stock compositions, distributions, abundances, and length frequencies of hatchery-marked and unmarked Chinook Salmon to evaluate the extent of hatchery influence on nearshore estuarine habitat use and the potential for interactions between hatchery-origin (HO) and NP salmon. Cumulative Chinook Salmon releases from all hatcheries in 2010 and 2011 dictated estuarine stock composition, abundance, and life histories during the spring–summer migration peak. Naturally produced salmon from the lower Columbia River populations, including many fry migrants, were most abundant, but larger HO juveniles also frequented nearshore sites, where their total biomass often equaled or exceeded that of NP fish. Large releases of a single stock of origin (Spring Creek Group fall run) in April and May created sharp pulses in the estuary entry timing of fingerling-sized salmon and dominated abundance and stock composition at some sites. Successive releases from scores of hatcheries during spring and early summer ensured a consistent presence of HO salmon near shore, regardless of the habitat-specific residence times of individual fish. Overall, the historical replacement of diverse wild populations with fewer hatchery stocks of a narrow size range and migration timing has intensified nearshore habitat use during the spring–summer migration peak and reduced life history variation of Columbia River Chinook Salmon. Such changes could undermine the fish conservation goals of both hatchery mitigation and estuary restoration programs.

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  • Yearling smolts from interior stocks of steelhead and Chinook Salmon rapidly move through the Columbia River estuary in deep waters of the main channel and are rarely encountered close to shore.

    “In the Columbia River basin, yearling smolts from interior stocks of steelhead and Chinook Salmon (those originating above Bonneville Dam, located at river kilometer [rkm] 234; rkm 0 = Columbia River mouth) rapidly move through the Columbia River estuary (CRE; defined as tidal waters below Bonneville Dam) in deep waters of the main channel and are rarely encountered close to shore”

    From Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in <scp>Main‐Stem</scp> Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary (2022) · cites this paper as Bottom et al. 2021

    The introductory passage (labelled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) reports rapid seaward migration of large subyearling and yearling salmon primarily through deep estuary channels. It does not establish that yearling steelhead and Chinook Salmon specifically from interior stocks are rarely encountered near shore. The Results (page unavailable) report marked yearling Chinook Salmon in nearshore collections, so the nearshore assertion needs qualification. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Presumed wild individuals were smaller than their hatchery counterparts.

    “Presumed wild individuals were smaller than their hatchery counterparts, a well-documented difference (Quinn 2005;Weitkamp et al. 2015;Bottom et al. 2021).”

    From Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in <scp>Main‐Stem</scp> Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary (2022) · cites this paper as Bottom et al. 2021

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Authors
Bottom, D. L., Hinton, S. A., Teel, D. J., Curtis Roegner, G., Johnson, L. L., & Sandford, B. P.
Affiliations
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Point Adams Research Station, 520 Heceta Place, Hammond, Oregon, 97121, USA
Corresponding author
Bottom, Daniel L.
ORCID
Venue
North American Journal of Fisheries Management
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2021-07-20
Volume
41
Issue
5
Pages
1549-1571
ISSN
  • 0275-5947 (ISSN-L)
  • 1548-8675
DOI
10.1002/nafm.10671
OpenAlex
W3185137772
Cited by
8
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • North American Journal of Fisheries Management (publishedVersion)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Washington
  • Oregon State University
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  • U.S. Geological Survey
  • California Department of Fish and Wildlife
  • Bureau of Reclamation
  • School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences
  • Bonneville Power Administration
  • Division of Environmental Biology
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
  • National Marine Fisheries Service
  • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
  • Northwest Fisheries Science Center
  • Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
Keywords
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Columbia River estuary, estuary restoration, life history variation, hatchery release, Federal Columbia River Power System

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