Evaluation of inter-rater agreement of the clinical signs used to diagnose bovine respiratory disease in individually housed veal calves
Open accessAbstract
In dairy calves raised for veal, typical clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are ocular discharge, nasal discharge, ear droop or head tilt, abnormal respiration, cough, and increased rectal temperature. Despite the existence of several clinical scoring systems, there are few studies on the variability of human recognition of individual BRD clinical signs. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the inter-rater agreement of BRD clinical signs in veal calves. We hypothesized that BRD clinical signs were not detected equally between veterinarians, technicians, and producers of the veal industry and that some clinical signs have higher inter-rater agreement than others. During 2017-2018, we prospectively recorded 524 videos of physical examinations of random veal calves from 48 different batches in Québec, Canada. A researcher, not involved in the inter-rater assessment, classified each video as presence/absence of each BRD clinical sign except rectal temperature. For each of the 5 clinical signs, 15 videos with and 15 videos without the clinical signs were randomly selected to avoid kappa paradoxes. Those 30 videos were then presented in a random order to experienced raters of BRD in veal calves: 6 veterinarians, 6 technicians, and 6 producers. The raters assessed the clinical signs using scores based on the Wisconsin and California scoring system with modifications (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe for nasal discharge, ocular discharge, and ear droop or head tilt; and 0 = absent, 1 = moderate, 2 = severe for abnormal respiration and induced cough). We used median percentage agreement (Pa), median Cohen's kappa (κ), and Gwet's agreement coefficient 1 (AC1) to assess inter-rater agreement. The effect of scale combination was also tested to determine the optimal combination (4-scale 0/1/2/3 vs. 3-scale 0/1/2 vs. 2-scale 0/1,2,3; 0,1/2,3; or 0/1,2). The differences of inter-rater agreement between veterinarians, technicians, and producers were estimated by a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The 2-scale combination (0,1/2,3 or 0/1,2) had the highest inter-rater agreement for all clinical signs. With this combination, induced cough was the clinical sign with the highest inter-rater agreement (Pa = 0.93; κ = 0.79; AC1 = 0.87) and abnormal respiration was the sign with the lowest inter-rater agreement (Pa = 0.77; κ = 0.20; AC1 = 0.74). According to Pa and AC1 values, the 2-scale inter-rater agreement of the 5 clinical signs was good (value > 0.6). According to κ, only ear droop or head tilt and induced cough had a substantial 2-scale inter-rater agreement (κ > 0.6). In general, the 2-scale inter-rater agreement was better among veterinarians than among technicians and producers, except for the ear droop/head tilt, where agreement was better among producers. We concluded that with severity scores assessed on a scale of 2 (0,1/2,3 or 0/1,2), the inter-rater agreement of BRD clinical signs was variable according to the sign in veal calves. BRD clinical signs were not detected equally between veterinarians, technicians, and producers of the veal industry. Future research could determine if this discrepancy could be improved by standardization training.
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Incorporation of rectal temperature measurements with discharge, ear position, breathing, and cough indicators has potential to refine the process for straightforward and reproducible screening.
“The incorporation of rectal temperature measurements with these indicators has the potential to refine the process for straightforward and reproducible screening [68].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
The Conclusions propose that induced cough, ear droop or head tilt, and rectal temperature could be used to design a simple, repeatable screening score. They do not propose adding discharge or abnormal breathing to that score; the Discussion reports that abnormal breathing had the lowest inter-rater agreement. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPre-awareness of evaluation criteria by raters may have introduced bias.
“Pre-awareness of the evaluation criteria by raters may have introduced bias.”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
The Selection and Training of the Raters section says raters received explanations of the scoring criteria before viewing the videos and chose categories for targeted clinical signs. This supports their pre-awareness, but the paper does not say that it may have introduced bias. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOf the combined scales, cough and ear position were the most reliable indicators.
“Of these, cough and ear position were the most reliable indicators [68].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
Scoring consistency was highest using a combination of two scales for assessing discharge, ear position, breathing, and cough.
“Scoring consistency was highest using a combination of two scales for assessing discharge, ear position, breathing, and cough [68].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
The possibility of rater interactions during simultaneous on-farm assessment could influence individual scores.
“Additionally, the possibility of rater interactions during simultaneous on-farm assessment could influence individual scores [68].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
Video-recorded assessments had constraints such as fixed viewing angles and inability to limit movement of calves.
“This enhancement was attempted using video-recorded assessments, which, however, had their own set of constraints, such as fixed viewing angles and the inability to limit the movement of calves.”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
Each clinical sign was analyzed in isolation, thereby mitigating influence of other symptoms.
“Each clinical sign was analyzed in isolation, thereby mitigating the influence of other symptoms [68].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Berman, J., Francoz, D., Abdallah, A., Dufour, S., & Buczinski, S.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Zagazig University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Berman, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 12053-12065
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3196867335
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation
- Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- bovine respiratory disease, veal calves, interobserver agreement, clinical signs, clinical scoring systems, ocular discharge, rhinorrhea, rectal temperature, individual housing, dairy cattle, video-based diagnosis, veterinarians, technicians, producers, kappa statistic, Gwet's AC1
- MeSH terms
- Red Meat, Animals, Canada, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Quebec, Respiratory Tract Diseases
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