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Concentrations of Butyric Acid Bacteria Spores in Silage and Relationships with Aerobic Deterioration
Open accessAbstract
Germination and growth of spores of butyric acid bacteria (BAB) may cause severe defects in semihard cheeses. Silage is the main source of BAB spores in cheese milk. The objectives of the study were to determine the significance of grass silages and corn silages as sources of BAB spores and to investigate the relationships between high concentrations of BAB spores in corn silage and aerobic deterioration. In the first survey, samples were taken from various locations in silos containing grass and corn silages and from mixed silages in the ration offered to the cows on 21 farms. We demonstrated that the quantity of BAB spores consumed by cows was determined by a small fraction of silage with a high concentration of spores (above 5 log10 BAB/g). High concentrations were most often found in corn silage within areas with visible molds (69% of the samples). Areas with visible molds in grass silage and surface layers of corn silage contained, respectively, 21 and 19% of the cases of concentrations above 5 log10 BAB spores/g. Based on these results, we concluded that currently in the Netherlands, corn silage is a more important source of BAB than is grass silage. In a second survey, 8 corn silages were divided into 16 sections and each section was studied in detail. High concentrations of BAB spores were found in only the top 50 cm of these 8 silages. Elevated concentrations of BAB spores were associated with different signs of aerobic deterioration. In 13% of the sections in corn silage with more than 5 log10 yeasts and molds/g, more than 5 log10 BAB spores/g were found. Sections with a temperature of more than 5 degrees C above ambient temperature contained, in 21% of the cases, more than 5 log10 BAB spores/g. Concentrations above 5 log10 BAB spores/g were measured in 50% of the sections with a pH above 4.4. All sections with a pH above 4.4 also showed a temperature that was more than 5 degrees C above ambient temperature and a concentration of yeasts and molds above 5 log10 cfu/g. Based on these results, we postulated that high concentrations of BAB spores in corn silage are the result of oxygen penetration into the silage, resulting in aerobic deterioration and the formation of anaerobic niches with an increased pH just below the surface. Growth of BAB in these anaerobic niches with an increased pH caused the locally high concentrations of BAB in corn silage.
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“This deterioration process involves, to different extents, up to 20% of the total stored DM of farm silages, both in temperate (Vissers et al., 2007; Borreani and Tabacco, 2010; Schmidt and Kung, 2010) and warm climates (Huisden et al., 2009; Kang et al.,”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Vissers et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“In contrast to the surface losses occurring during storage, air exerts a stronger effect during the feed-out phase because exposure of the silage to oxygen is inevitable once the silo is opened, and air can penetrate via the silage face, up to distances of 4 m, especially in the periphery of the silo (Pahlow et al., 2003; Borreani et al., 2007; Vissers et al., 2007).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Vissers et al., 2007
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Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages
Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Schmidt, R. J., Holmes, B. J., & Muck, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13837 · Cited by 802
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Silage review: Unique challenges of silages made in hot and cold regions
Bernardes, T. F., Daniel, J. L. P., Adesogan, A. T., McAllister, T. A., Drouin, P., Nussio, L. G., Huhtanen, P., Tremblay, G. F., Bélanger, G., & Cai, Y. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13703 · Cited by 252
Okoye, C. O., Wang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Li, X., Sun, J., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127212 · Cited by 253
Silage review: Foodborne pathogens in silage and their mitigation by silage additives
Queiroz, O. C. M., Ogunade, I. M., Weinberg, Z., & Adesogan, A. T. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13901 · Cited by 213
Metadata
- Authors
- Vissers, M. M. M., Driehuis, F., Te Giffel, M. C., De Jong, P., & Lankveld, J. M. G.
- Affiliations
- Nederlands Instituut Voor Zuivel Oonderzoek (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vissers, M.M.M.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 928-936
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070700504
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
- Keywords
- butyrate-producing bacteria, silage, corn silage, grass silage, aerobic deterioration, spore concentration, silage pH, silage temperature, oxygen penetration, dairy cattle, cheese spoilage, silo management, silage additives
- MeSH terms
- Aerobiosis, Animals, Animal Feed, Cattle, Clostridium, Zea mays, Poaceae, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Milk, Netherlands, Silage, Spores, Bacterial, Butyric Acid
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