Microbiology of ensiling

Pahlow, Günter; Muck, Richard E.; Driehuis, Frank; Elferink, Stefanie J. W. H. Oude; Spoelstra, Sierk F.

doi:10.2134/agronmonogr42.c2

Cited by 877Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyMycotoxins in Agriculture and FoodAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production

Microbiology of ensiling

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Pahlow, Günter, Muck, Richard E., Driehuis, Frank, Elferink, Stefanie J. W. H. Oude, Spoelstra, Sierk F.·2003·Agronomy Monographs

DOI 10.2134/agronmonogr42.c2

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Abstract

In many parts of the world, conserved forage is an essential component of ruminant diets during those intervals when fresh crops are unavailable. A. J. G. Barnett subdivided the process of ensiling into four principal phases of different length and intensity, which cannot be separated precisely from each other. When silage is used as a feed source on a farm, several events take place that have relevance to the number of clostridial spores in silage and milk. During mowing and harvesting of a silage crop, contamination of the crop by soil particles, which contain clostridial spores, is unavoidable. The microbial population of standing or freshly harvested forage crops is considerably different from that found during the process of silage fermentation or in the final product. Most inoculants consist exclusively of homofermentative or facultatively heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria because these are the most efficient producers of lactic acid.

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Saccharomycetales comprises genera of yeasts, such as Candida and Pichia, that are able to assimilate lactate and can initiate aerobic deterioration.
“In addition to the greater numbers of agar-culturable yeasts, LDM forage had a greater RA of Saccharomycetales, which is the fungal order that comprises genera of yeasts, such as Candida and Pichia, who are able to assimilate lactate and that can initiate aerobic deterioration (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Effect of dry matter content on the microbial community and on the effectiveness of a microbial inoculant to improve the aerobic stability of corn silage (2022) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
The high dry matter silage had 38% dry matter and was expected to have a water activity between 0.966 and 0.961, which is under the optimal conditions for LAB growth of more than 0.97.
“The HDM silage had 38% DM and was expected to have an aw between 0.966 and 0.961 according to Pahlow et al. (2003), which is under the optimal conditions for LAB growth which is of more than 0.97 (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Effect of dry matter content on the microbial community and on the effectiveness of a microbial inoculant to improve the aerobic stability of corn silage (2022) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
Yeasts play the major role in initiating aerobic spoilage of silages.
“It is generall accepted that yeasts play the major role in initiating aerobic spoilage (Pahlow et al., 2003)”
From Lentilactobacillus hilgardii Inoculum, Dry Matter Contents at Harvest and Length of Conservation Affect Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage (2021) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
Lactate-utilizing yeasts are the primary microorganisms responsible for initiating aerobic deterioration in most silages.
“Lactate-utilizing yeasts are the primary microorganisms responsible for initiating aerobic deterioration in most silages (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
Yeasts are generally the initiators of aerobic deterioration, consuming sugars and fermentation acids and raising silage temperature and pH.
“Yeasts are generally the initiators of aerobic deterioration, consuming sugars and fermentation acids and raising silage temperature and pH (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003

Air can penetrate via the silage face up to distances of 4 m, especially in the periphery of the silo, during the feed-out phase.
“In contrast to the surface losses occurring during storage, air exerts a stronger effect during the feed-out phase because exposure of the silage to oxygen is inevitable once the silo is opened, and air can penetrate via the silage face, up to distances of 4 m, especially in the periphery of the silo (Pahlow et al., 2003; Borreani et al., 2007; Vissers et al., 2007).”
From Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
Today most bacteria in the homofermentative LAB group are recognized taxonomically as facultative heterofermentative LAB species rather than obligate homofermentative species.
“Today most of the bacteria in this group are recognized taxonomically as facultative heterofermentative LAB species rather than obligate homofermentative species”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
Yeasts are commonly the initiators of aerobic deterioration.
“Because yeasts are commonly the initiators of aerobic deterioration (Pahlow et al., 2003)”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003
Yeast, particularly lactate-assimilating yeast, are the primary initiators of aerobic spoilage in silage.
“Yeast, particularly lactate-assimilating yeast, are the primary initiators of aerobic spoilage in silage (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al. (2003)
Bacillus subtilis may improve aerobic stability by producing a bacteriocin that inhibits yeasts and molds.
“Bacillus subtilis may be a promising species to improve aerobic stability by producing a bacteriocin that inhibits yeasts and molds (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al. (2003)
Epiphytic LAB widely vary in composition and numbers in plant materials (101-107 CFU/g), depending on many environmental factors.
“Epiphytic LAB widely vary in composition and numbers in plant materials (101–107 CFU/g), depending on many environmental factors (Pahlow et al., 2003).”
From Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Different Forages as Silage Inoculants for Improving Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability (2020) · cites this paper as Pahlow et al., 2003

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Authors: Pahlow, G., Muck, R. E., Driehuis, F., Elferink, S. J. W. H. O., & Spoelstra, S. F.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Nederlands Instituut Voor Zuivel Oonderzoek (NL)
ORCID: Muck, Richard E.
Spoelstra, Sierk F.
Venue: Agronomy Monographs
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-01
Pages: 31-93
ISSN: 0065-4663 (ISSN-L)
2156-3276
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr42.c2
OpenAlex: W2565640431
Cited by: 877
References: 225
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 15
Type: other
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Locations: Agronomy monograph/Agronomy (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Keywords: silage fermentation, silage spoilage, forage preservation, ruminant feed, soil contamination, lactic acid bacteria, silage inoculants, silage microbiology, milk contamination

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