Should I stay or should I go? A prospective investigation examining individual factors impacting employment status among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Rates of unemployment among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are as high as 80%. While several factors for such high rates of unemployment have been identified, they do not account for the majority of the variance. OBJECTIVE: This study examines person-specific factors such as personality and coping, which may better account for individuals leaving the workforce. METHOD: Forty individuals with MS (20 considering reducing work hours or leaving the workforce and 20 remaining employed) were matched on age, gender, education, disease duration, and disease course, and administered a comprehensive survey of factors purported to be related to employment status. RESULTS: Based on multiple, logistic regression analyses certain disease factors and person-specific factors differentiate those who are considering leaving work or reducing work hours and those staying employed. In particular, those expressing the need to reduce work hours or leaving the workforce reported more fatigue, anxiety, depression, and use of behavioral disengagement as a means of coping. In contrast, those staying employed reported greater levels of extraversion, self-efficacy, and use of humor as a means of coping. Together, fatigue, use of humor, and use of behavioral disengagement as a means of coping were the most significant factors, accounting for 44% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that greater consideration be given to these factors and that interventions tailored to address these factors may assist individuals with MS staying employed and/or making appropriate accommodations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These invisible symptoms can significantly impact wellbeing, relationships, employment and life goals.
“which can significantly impact wellbeing, relationships, employment and life goals (Cowan et al., 2020;Lublin et al., 2022;Strober et al., 2018;Topcu et al., 2020).”
From Neuropsychology intervention for managing invisible symptoms of MS (NIMIS-MS) group: A pilot effectiveness and acceptability study (2024) · cites this paper as Strober et al., 2018
The Discussion reports that fatigue, depressive symptoms and anxiety distinguish people with MS considering reduced work or leaving employment from those staying employed. It also links maintaining employment to subsequent quality of life. The paper does not establish an impact of these symptoms on relationships or life goals; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,682 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507 · see citing works
The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures
Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. G. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007 · Cited by 3,185 · see citing works
Public health significance of neuroticism
Lahey, B. B. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0015309 · Cited by 1,901 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In particular, It has long been shown that neurotic-type personality characteristics or neuroticism is a predictor of somatization in the medically-ill and greater reports of pain [23] and cause of earlier mortality in the general population as well as the medically-ill [24].”
BackgroundMeasuring the Functional Impact of Fatigue: Initial Validation of the Fatigue Impact Scale
Fisk, J. D., Ritvo, P. G., Ross, L., Haase, D. A., Marrie, T. J., & Schlech, W. F. (1994) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/18.supplement_1.s79 · Cited by 1,546 · see citing works
Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis.
Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080 · Cited by 1,453 · see citing works
Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease
Denollet, J., Rombouts, H., Gillebert, T. C., Brutsaert, D. L., Sys, S. U., Brutsaert, D. L., & Stroobant, N. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90007-0 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Chwastiak, L., Ehde, D. M., Gibbons, L. E., Sullivan, M., Bowen, J. D., & Kraft, G. H. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1862 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis
Harbo, H. F., Gold, R., & Tintoré, M. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756285613488434 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Denollet, J., & Brutsaert, D. L. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.2.167 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Adult and geriatric normative data and validation of the profile of mood states
Nyenhuis, D. L., Yamamoto, C., Luchetta, T., Terrien, A., & Parmentier, A. H. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199901)55:1 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Staniute, M., Brozaitiene, J., Burkauskas, J., Kazukauskiene, N., Mickuviene, N., & Bunevicius, R. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-014-0204-2 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Personality and Mortality After Myocardial Infarction
Denollet, J., Sys, S. U., & Brutsaert, D. L. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199511000-00011 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Employment in multiple sclerosis
Julian, L. J., Vella, L., Vollmer, T. L., Hadjimichael, O. C., & Mohr, D. C. (2008) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-008-0910-y · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Factors related to employment status changes in individuals with multiple sclerosis
Smith, M., & Arnett, P. A. (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1204oa · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Morrow, S. A., Drake, A. S., Zivadinov, R., Munschauer, F. E., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2010) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2010.511272 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Simmons, R. D., Tribe, K. L., & McDonald, E. A. (2010) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5441-7 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Mohr, D., Boudewyn, A., Likosky, W., Levine, E. G., & Goodkin, D. E. (2001) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2302_7 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Unemployment in multiple sclerosis: the contribution of personality and disease
Strober, L. B., Christodoulou, C., Benedict, R. H. B., Westervelt, H. J., Melville, P., SCHERL, W. F., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Rizvi, S., Goodman, A. D., & Krupp, L. (2011) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458511426735 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors associated with unemployment of patients with multiple sclerosis
LaRocca, N. G., Kalb, R. C., Scheinberg, L. C., & Kendall, P. (1985) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(85)90093-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Nyenhuis, D. L., & Luchetta, T. (1998) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_14 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
University of Washington Self-Efficacy Scale: A New Self-Efficacy Scale for People With Disabilities
Amtmann, D., Bamer, A. M., Cook, K. F., Askew, R. L., Noonan, V. K., & Brockway, J. A. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.05.001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Personality and health: A lifespan perspective.
Friedman, H. S., & Hampson, S. E. (2008) · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Factors related to difficulties with employment in patients with multiple sclerosis
Schiavolin, S., Leonardi, M., Giovannetti, A. M., Antozzi, C. G., Brambilla, L., Confalonieri, P. A., Mantegazza, R., & Raggi, A. (2012) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0b013e32835c79ea · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-efficacy predicts self-reported health status in multiple sclerosis
Riazi, A., Thompson, A. J., & Hobart, J. C. (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458504ms986oa · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Uccelli, M. M., Specchia, C., Battaglia, M. A., & Miller, D. M. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5225-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Dyck, I., & Jongbloed, L. E. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841740006700506 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Factors influencing work retention for people with multiple sclerosis
O’Connor, R. J., Cano, S., Torrentà, L. R. I., et al. (2005) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0765-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Pompeii, L. A., Moon, S. D., & McCrory, D. C. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-005-0875-y · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Graziano, F., Calandri, E., Borghi, M., & Bonino, S. (2014) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215513501525 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Adjusting to multiple sclerosis: An exploratory study
Matson, R. R., & Brooks, N. A. (1977) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0037-7856(77)90071-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Strober, L. B., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Moore, N. B., et al. (2013) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458513488235 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmitt, M. M., Goverover, Y., DeLuca, J., & Chiaravalloti, N. (2014) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035288 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality as a Predictor of Coping Efforts in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Rätsep, T., Kallasmaa, T., Pulver, A., & Gross-Paju, K. (2000) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850000600607 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Personality traits in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without fatigue experience
Merkelbach, S., König, J., & Sittinger, H. (2003) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.02037.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Thomas, P., Thomas, S., Kersten, P., Jones, R., Slingsby, V., Nock, A., Smith, A. D., Baker, R. D., Galvin, K., & Hillier, C. (2014) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-14-109 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis
Shnek, Z. M., Foley, F. W., LaRocca, N. G., Smith, C. R., & Halper, J. (1995) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/154596839500900103 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis and employment barriers: A systemic perspective on diagnosis and intervention
Roessler, R. T., & Rumrill, P. D. (2003) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2003-00301 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Motl, R. W., McAuley, E., & Snook, E. M. (2007) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.52.2.143 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ginting, H., van de Ven, M. O. M., Becker, E. S., & Näring, G. W. B. (2014) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105314536750 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Neuroticism and Extraversion as Predictors of Health Outcomes in Depressed Primary Care Patients
Russo, J. E., Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., Korff, M. V., Bush, T. M., Simon, G., & Walker, E. A. (1997) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71441-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Eccles, F. J. R., & Simpson, J. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.525287 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Adjustment to Multiple Sclerosis
WASSEM, R. A. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/01376517-199208000-00010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Role of Disease and Demographic Factors in the Employment of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
LaRocca, N. G., Kalb, R., Kendall, P., et al. (1982) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1982.00510160062016 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and health status improve after a wellness program in persons with multiple sclerosis
Ng, A., Kennedy, P., Hutchinson, B., Ingram, A., Vondrell, S., Goodman, T., & Miller, D. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.717586 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction — coming to terms with an oxymoron
Macdonald, P. S. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03390.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kern, M., & Friedman, H. (2010) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Why do some people thrive while others succumb to disease and stagnation?
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511763151.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How do we manage patients who become unemployed?
Harris, M., Harris, E., & Shortus, T. D. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03429.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Preiningerova, J. L., Bomprezzi, R., Vollmer, T. L., et al. (2009) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000192.pub2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [16]Edgley K, Sullivan MJ, Dehoux E. A survey of multiple sclerosis: II. Determinants of employment status. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation 1991.
- [38]Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized self-efficacy scale. Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio Causal and Control Beliefs 1995; 1: 35– 7.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
O'Keeffe, F., Cogley, C., McManus, C., Davenport, L., O'Connor, S., Tubridy, N., Gaughan, M., McGuigan, C., & Bramham, J. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105719 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Strober, L. B., Chiaravalloti, N., & DeLuca, J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Strober, Lauren B.
- Venue
- Work
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-02-03
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-47
- ISSN
- 1051-9815 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-9270
- PMC
- PMC13528306
- OpenAlex
- W2782601913
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 9.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Work (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD069494)
- National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, employment status, unemployment, coping strategies, humor, behavioral disengagement, fatigue, anxiety, depression, extraversion, self-efficacy, personality, workplace accommodations
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Employment, Fatigue, Female, Disabled Persons, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Personality, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Logistic Models, Cost of Illness, Self Efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review