A scoping review of the incentives for a prolonged work life after pensionable age and the importance of "bridge employment"

May combine two claims.

There are several reasons for a continued work life at a micro level: achieving new skills, new learning, a new career, a better pension, and being part of an active lifestyle with stimulating relationships with colleagues.

“There are several reasons for a continued work life at a micro level: achieving new skills, new learning, a new career, a better pension, and being part of an active lifestyle with stimulating relationships with colleagues [16,17].”

• cites [16] Parry, 2014, Bridge Employment: A Research HandbookNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17] Reynolds, 2012, ‘Otherwise it would be nothing but cruises’: Exploring the subjective benefits of working beyond 65, International Journal of Ageing and Later Life sourcePartly supported

  The sections on financial security and personal development describe learning new skills, taking on new work roles, staying active, and valuing social contact with colleagues. Financial security is also a reason for some participants to keep working, but the paper describes supplementing a limited pension with earnings, not working to obtain a better pension. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are studies stressing a transition from external to internal driving forces with increasing age.

“there are studies stressing a transition from external to internal driving forces with increasing age [11]”

• cites [11] de Lange, 2010, Dominant achievement goals of older workers and their relationship with motivation-related outcomes, J Vocat Behav sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If the experience of aging is seen as a period of physical loss, a force for post-retirement employment might be seen as an additional burden to health conditions and thus be rejected, according to a study from Germany and the USA.

“If, on a more psychological level, the experience of aging is seen as a period of physical loss, a force for post-retirement employment might be seen as an additional burden to health conditions and thus be rejected, according to a study from Germany and the USA [34].”

• cites [34] Fasbender, 2014, Deciding whether to work after retirement: The role of the psychological experience of aging, J Vocat Behav sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Changes to social security benefits, like those implemented in the USA, have affected recent retirement trends, with men aged 65-67 being more likely to work full-time in 2004 than in 1998.

“Additionally, changes to social security benefits, like those implemented in the USA, have affected the recent retirement trends with men aged 65-67 being more likely to work full-time in 2004 than in 1998 [74].”

• cites [74] Gustman, 2009, How changes in social security affect recent retirement trends, Res Aging sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One reason for the 40+ categorization is that it gives time to take proactive measures.

“One reason for this categorization is that it gives time to take proactive measures [81].”

• cites [81] Ilmarinen, 2001, Aging workers, Occup Environ Med sourcePartly supported

  The section on defining an aging worker says that an early definition gives better opportunities for preventive measures. It identifies 45 or 50—not 40—as the ages often used for that definition, so it does not support the specific 40+ categorization. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Caring duties reduce the odds of doing paid work but not volunteering.

“Caring duties reduce the odds of doing paid work but not volunteering.”

• cites [76] Moen, 2013, Limited engagements? Women’s and men’s work/volunteer time in the encore life course stage, Soc Probl sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction reports lower odds of paid work for women and men with certain caregiving responsibilities. It also says caregivers were not more likely to volunteer formally, but the claim is too broad about volunteering: caring for an infirm adult increased the odds of informal helping, while having children at home decreased them. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fifty-eight articles responded to the research questions.

“Fifty-eight articles responded to our research questions: thirty-two on micro level (personal attributes), eighteen on meso level (organizational prerequisites) and eight on macro level (socio-cultural context).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Eight articles were on macro level (socio-cultural context).

“Fifty-eight articles responded to our research questions: thirty-two on micro level (personal attributes), eighteen on meso level (organizational prerequisites) and eight on macro level (socio-cultural context).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Twenty-three countries are represented in the fifty-eight selected articles.

“Twenty-three countries are represented in the fifty-eight selected articles, see Table 5.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Thirty-two articles were on micro level (personal attributes).

“Fifty-eight articles responded to our research questions: thirty-two on micro level (personal attributes), eighteen on meso level (organizational prerequisites) and eight on macro level (socio-cultural context).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A study from New Zealand shows that older people see paid work as a way to achieve self-actualization.

“However, a study from New Zeeland also shows that older people see this as a way to achieve self-actualization [43]”

• cites [43] Simpson, 2012, A job, a dream or a trap? Multiple meanings for encore careers, Work Employ Soc sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Individuals with self-assessed ill health tend to leave work life earlier, and the possibilities for social contact do not change this.

“This means that individuals with self-assessed ill health tend to leave work life earlier, and the possibilities for social contact do not change this.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Medicare was seen as an interesting incentive for continuing to work.

“Adding to these benefits, Medicare was also seen as an interesting incentive [38].”

• cites [38] Loi, 2007, Why older adults seek employment: Differing motivations among subgroups, J Appl Gerontol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Thirty-nine of the studies were conducted as survey studies with questionnaires to large populations, fourteen with qualitative methodologies, and five with combined methodologies.

“Thirty-nine of the studies were conducted as survey studies with questionnaires to large populations, fourteen with qualitative methodologies and five with combined methodologies.”

May combine two claims.

The decision to work in advanced old age is a matter of choice that healthy, American men can make, and was strongly related to their spouses' concurrent work.

“The decision to work in advanced old age is a matter of choice that healthy, American men can make, and was strongly related to their spouses' concurrent work [30].”

• cites [30] Ozawa, 2005, Men who work at age 70 or older, J Gerontol Soc Work sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Other ways for employers to keep their staff include offering organizational support and career satisfaction, as well as supporting older staff.

“Other ways for employers to keep their staff include offering organizational support and career satisfaction, as well as supporting older staff.”

• cites [58] Armstrong-Stassen, 2009, Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and the retention of older workers, J Occup Organ Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Finding a bridge job increases life satisfaction for those willing and able to work, while not finding a desired job decreases life satisfaction, as shown by a study from the Netherlands.

“Finding a bridge job increases life satisfaction for those willing and able to work, while not finding a desired job decreases life satisfaction, as shown by a study from the Netherlands [51].”

• cites [51] Dingemans, 2014, Involuntary retirement, bridge employment, and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal investigation, J Organ Behav sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In interviews with older workers from the Netherlands, the veteran generation differed from the baby boomers in how they perceived their employability as being connected to their skills, while the baby boomers stressed external factors like negative stereotypes and being viewed as far too expensive to employ.

“In interviews with older workers from the Netherlands the results showed that the veteran generation differed from the baby boomers in how they perceived their employability as being connected to their skills, while the baby boomers stressed external factors like negative stereotypes and being viewed as far too expensive to employ [49].”

• cites [49] Hennekam, 2015, Employability of older workers in the Netherlands: Antecedents and consequences, Int J Manpow sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The most commonly occurring country is the USA in 22 of the 58, followed by the Netherlands in 11, Canada in 6, the United Kingdom in 6, Australia in 5, Sweden in 5, and the rest in 1-4.

“The most commonly occurring country is the USA in 22 of the 58, followed in descending order by the Netherlands in 11, Canada in 6, the United Kingdom in 6, Australia in 5, Sweden in 5, and the rest of countries in 1-4.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are good results when it comes to innovative solutions to meet the challenge of an aging workforce.

“Additionally, there are actually good results when it comes to innovative solutions to meet the challenge of an aging workforce [55]”

• cites [55] Frerichs, 2012, Active ageing in organisations: A case study approach, Int J Manpow sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Men from the USA with a better education perceived the labor market to be good and joined bridge employment as they wanted to make better use of their skills, and were also willing to move into a different field.

“Men from the USA with a better education also perceived the labor market to be good and joined bridge employment as they wanted to make better use of their skills, and were also willing to move into a different field [46].”

• cites [46] von Bonsdorff, 2009, The choice between retirement and bridge employment: A continuity theory and life course perspective, Int J Aging Hum Dev sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Those who stay beyond pensionable age in the labor market have some characteristics in common: they are in good health, they are interested in monetary gain, and they have good education and skills suitable for the labor market.

“Those who stay beyond pensionable age in the labor market have some characteristics in common: they are in good health, they are interested in monetary gain, and they have good education and skills suitable for the labor market.”

May combine two claims.

Studies from different countries highlight three characteristics on the individual level for working longer: good health, monetary gain, and having a better education.

“The following studies from different countries all over the world highlight three characteristics on the individual level for working longer: a good health, monetary gain and having a better education.”

May combine two claims.

The share of the workforce in the USA in physically demanding jobs has been falling during the last 40-50 years, while the share of cognitively demanding work has increased.

“The share of the workforce in the USA in physically demanding jobs has been falling during the last 40-50 years, while the share of cognitively demanding work has increased [60].”

• cites [60] Johnson, 2011, Job demands and work ability at older ages, J Aging Soc Policy sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Some employers are looking for new ways to retain older workers and at the same time encourage employees to reevaluate the traditional approach to retirement.

“Being aware of these conditions, some employers are looking for new ways to retain older workers and at the same time encourage employees to reevaluate the traditional approach to retirement [52,53].”

• cites [52] Oakman J , Howie L . How can organisations influence their older employees’ decision of when to retire? Work (2013;45(3):389–97. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [53] Jaimie, 2011, Retaining the older workforce: Social policy considerations for the universally designed workplace, J Aging Soc Policy sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Only a minority of employers has applied to recruit or retain older workers, preferring to retain rather than hire older workers.

“Only a minority of employers has applied to recruit or retain older workers, preferring to retain rather than hire older workers.”

• cites [68] Conen, 2012, Employers’ attitudes and actions towards the extension of working lives in Europe, Int J Manpow sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Women in several countries contribute more to the increased employment rate and take greater responsibility for assisting dependent relatives.

“Not only do women in several countries contribute more to the increased employment rate, they also take a greater responsibility for assisting dependent relatives [77].”

• cites [77] Anxo, 2012, Working longer in European countries: Underestimated and unexpected effects, Int J Manpow sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When it comes to older adults in the workplace, many studies concentrate on age discrimination and decrease in physical ability.

“When it comes to older adults in the workplace, many studies concentrate on age discrimination and decrease in physical ability.”

May combine two claims.

There is a huge age-related drain from the labor force, with participation decreasing from almost 90% in the 55-59 age group to 20% in the 65-69 age group, and less than 10% of people aged 70-74 working.

“Still, there is a huge agerelated drain from the labor force, and participation decreases from almost 90% in the 55-59 age group to 20% in the 65-69 age group, with less than 10% of people aged 70-74 working [15].”

• cites [15] Swedish Pensions Agency, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Due to strengthened national finances and improved public health, some countries are now using economic incentives to encourage an interest in bridge employment.

“Due to strengthened national finances and improved public health, some countries are now using economic incentives to encourage an interest in bridge employment.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a need to increase the proportion of older workers in the labor market due to future costs for pensions and health care, in combination with a future labor shortage.

May combine two claims.

Research on the health aspect of working beyond pensionable age shows that people with good health are active in bridge employment, while people with poor health have left work life at, or before, pensionable age.

“Research on the health aspect of working beyond pensionable age show that people with good health are active in bridge employment, while people with poor health have left work life at, or before, pensionable age.”

May combine two claims.

Depending on race and gender, education might be lower and income weaker in older age.

“Depending on race and gender, education might be lower and income weaker in older age [75].”

• cites [75] McNamara, 2004, Race, gender, and the retirement decisions of people ages 60 to Prospects for age integration in employment, Int J Aging Hum Dev sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Older workers were also seen as being more loyal and having less absence.

“However, the older workers were also seen as being more loyal and having less absence.”

• cites [61] McCann, 2013, A cross cultural investigation of age stereotypes and communication perceptions of older and younger workers in the USA and Thailand, Educ Gerontol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Barriers include stress, a lack of support, negative attitudes, physical and cognitive demands, and an overemphasis on lack of qualifications.

“Barriers include stress, a lack of support, negative attitudes, physical and cognitive demands, and an overemphasis on lack of qualifications.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lower rates of retiree health insurance offered by employers, higher levels of educational attainment, and lower rates of defined benefit pension coverage accounted for most of the growth in early baby boomers' working years.

“Lower rates of retiree health insurance offered by employers, higher levels of educational attainment, and lower rates of defined benefit pension coverage accounted for most of the growth, according to the study.”

• cites [73] Mermin, 2007, Why do boomers plan to work longer? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, S sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A focus on older adults' strengths tends to suggest that this group can make major contributions based on their experience, competence and skills.

“Contradictory, a focus on older adults' strengths tends to suggest that this group can make major contributions based on their experience, competence and skills [82].”

• cites [82] Östlund, 2012, Work longer – what do we know about older people in work life? (In Swedish: Jobba längre– vad vet vi om äldre i arbetslivet), RapportNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The most evident knowledge gap was identified at the macro level, where few studies matched the review's research question.

“The most evident knowledge gap was consequently identified at the macro level, where few studies matched our research question.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many of the reviewed articles in the earlier review by Quine and Carter are opinion articles and not grounded on empirical studies.

“An earlier review by Quine and Carter [78], who found that many of the reviewed articles are opinion articles and not grounded on empirical studies, is also in line with our results.”

• cites [78] Quine, 2006, Australian baby boomers’ expectations and plans for their old age, Australas J Ageing sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most investigations of prolonged work life are conducted on individual-level predictors; research on organizational-level predictors is more scattered; and societal-level predictor information is scarce.

“In line with the results of our review, they found that most investigations are conducted on individual-level predictors, research on organizational-level predictors is more scattered, and societal-level predictor information is scarce.”

• cites [13] Beehr, 2015, Working after retirement: Features of bridge employment and research directions, Work, Aging and Retirement sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The mean length of work life in Sweden has been estimated at 40 years in 2011, placing Sweden third among the European countries.

“The mean length of work life in Sweden has been estimated at 40 years in 2011, placing Sweden third among the European countries [15] (based on Eurostat figures).”

• cites [15] Swedish Pensions Agency, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Research on education later in life often concerns an older age group.

“Research on education later in life often concerns an older age group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Swedish society, there is a predominant understanding that the older workforce should step back in favor of the younger generation entering the labor market.

“an example from the Swedish society might be the predominant understanding that the older workforce”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Voluntary care was hitherto done mainly by women who left the labor market earlier and hence received lower pensions.

“Voluntary care was hitherto done mainly by women who left the labor market earlier and hence received lower pensions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The gender dimension was not prominent in the articles reviewed.

“The gender dimension was however not prominent in the articles reviewed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some of the five databases have a function for update search, while others do not.

“Some of the five databases have a function for update search, while others do not have this.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The general answer from national economists is that there is no support for the idea that older adults leaving the labor market would be beneficial.

“The general answer from national economists [88] is that there is no support for the idea that older adults leaving the labor market would be beneficial.”

• cites [88] Pensionsåldersutredningen, 2012, Longer life, longer work life, Prerequisites and obstacles to older people working longer: Interim report, Statens offentliga utredningar SOUNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a gap between the need for employees working beyond retirement age and the welfare sector's need to meet the demand for voluntary care of the growing number of older persons.

“In the material, a gap is hinted at between the need for employees working beyond their retirement age and the welfare sector's need to meet the demand for voluntary care of the growing number of older persons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Sweden, there is no official pensionable age, but 65 is the age when the guarantee pension is available.

“In Sweden, there is no official pensionable age, but 65 is the age when the guarantee pension is available [15].”

• cites [15] Swedish Pensions Agency, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Attitudes and behavior according to a prolonged work life can be summarized as dependent on good health, a financial gain in combination with flexible alternative working conditions.

“Attitudes and behavior according to a prolonged work life could be summarized as dependent on good health, a financial gain in combination with flexible alternative working conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To ensure solid interrater reliability of 70% in commonly selected abstracts, the first and last author read abstracts individually in parallel and stepwise fashion until this was accomplished when 280 abstracts were read.

“To ensure a solid interrater reliability of 70% in the commonly selected abstracts, the first and last author read the abstracts individually, in a parallel and stepwise fashion, until this was accomplished (when 280 abstracts were read)”

May combine two claims.

At the age of 67 the rules of priority in employment and the law of employment security expire in Sweden.

“At the age of 67 the rules of priority in employment and the law of employment security expire [15].”

• cites [15] Swedish Pensions Agency, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is need for a cultural change to prevent early work exit, which is a widely accepted practice.

“There is need for a cultural change to prevent early work exit, which is a widelyaccepted practice, [52]”

• cites [52] Oakman J , Howie L . How can organisations influence their older employees’ decision of when to retire? Work (2013;45(3):389–97. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Many workers who leave during economic downturns might be hard to reengage later, and losing older workers entails a drain of knowledge and expertise.

“since the many workers who leave during economic downturns might be hard to reengage later, and losing older workers entails a drain of knowledge and expertise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Education is closely related to lifelong learning as a key element of the inclusion of older workers.

“Education is also closely related to lifelong learning as a key element of the inclusion of older workers [54].”

• cites [54] Angeloni, 2016, An ageing world and the challenges for a model of sustainable social change, J Manag Dev sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Older people are not a homogeneous group and individual traits exist in all ages.

“Hence, it is important to remember that older people are not a homogeneous group and that individual traits exist in all ages [80].”

• cites [80] Stamov-Roßnagel, 2010, Older workers’ motivation: Against the myth of general decline, Manag Decis sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

With a growing need for staff in the labor market, a lack of education or not having the right skills are important factors that might result in unemployment or temporary low-paid jobs.

“Still, with a growing need for staff in the labor market, a lack of education or not having the right skills are important factors that might result in unemployment or temporary low-paid jobs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a need to increase the proportion of older workers in the labor market due to future costs for pensions and health care, in combination with a future labor shortage.

May combine two claims.

Labor force participation, especially by females, average retirement age and total length of work life are already relatively high in Sweden.

“it should be stressed that labor force participation, especially by females, average retirement age and total length of work life are already relatively high in Sweden.”

• cites [15] Swedish Pensions Agency, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This practice conflicts with the national discussion on whether or not to increase the state pension age in the United Kingdom.

“Further, this prac-tice conflicts with the national discussion on whether or not to increase the state pension age in the United Kingdom [65,66].”

• cites [65] Cebulla, 2007, Working beyond the state pension age in the United Kingdom: The role of working time flexibility and the effects on the home, Ageing Soc sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [66] Boyce, 2008, An ergonomic approach to the aging workforce utilizing this valuable resource to best advantage by integrating ergonomics, health promotion and employee assistance programs, J Workplace Behav Health sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Trends towards early retirement, and the factors that drove them, have reduced the demand for delayed retirement.

“One plausible explanation for this result was that trends towards early retirement, and the factors that had driven these trends, have reduced the demand for delayed retirement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Questions of personal attitudes and behavior according to retirement are dependent to a high degree on contexts in time and place.

“Questions of personal attitudes and behavior according to retirement are also dependent to a high degree on contexts in time and place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Economic, social and demographic trends, as well as changing social security rules, may affect the future growth of encore working.

“Economic, social and demographic trends, as well as changing social security rules, may affect the future growth of encore working.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a need to increase the proportion of older workers in the labor market due to future costs for pensions and health care, in combination with a future labor shortage.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Retirement of the baby boom generation, approximately 78 million people in the United States, will lead to a massive increase in retirees, which will impact on organizations in many ways.

“Retirement of the baby boom generation, approximately 78 million people in the United States, will lead to a massive increase in retirees, which will impact on organizations in many ways [67].”

• cites [67] Cochran, 2012, Impact of older-worker-friendly organizational policies on retirement attitudes and planning, Organisation Management Journal sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Industry knowledge and expertise often leaves with them, unless businesses construct a mentoring or retiree engagement program to transfer knowledge to younger generations.

“Industry knowledge and expertise often leaves with them, unless businesses construct a mentoring or retiree engagement program to transfer knowledge to younger generations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Research on workplace education defines older as 40+.

“Research on workplace education defines older as 40+ [18].”

• cites [18] Fuller, 2006, Older workers’ learning in changing workplace contexts: Barriers and opportunities, In: Tikkanen T, Nyhan B, eds. Promoting Lifelong Learning for Older Workers: An International OverviewNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In order to prolong working life, people have to want, be able and allowed to postpone retirement.

“In order to prolong working life, people have to want, be able and allowed to postpone retirement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The publication date and the time of update in a database are not necessarily the same.

“The publication date and the time of update in a database are not necessarily the same.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An update search finds additional, older articles, whereas a search for publication date can only find newly published additions.

“An update search finds additional, older articles, whereas a search for publication date can only find newly published additions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The contribution from two researchers belonging to the areas of older people's learning and national economy added another strength of the study.

“The contribution from two researchers belonging to the areas of older people's learning and national economy, added another strength of our study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Articles already found in one database in the first search could appear in another database and were consequently excluded as duplicates in the selection procedure when the update searches were performed.

“One consequence of this was that articles already found in one database in the first search, could appear in another database and were consequently excluded as duplicates in the selection procedure, when the update searches were performed.”

May combine two claims.

Most of the studies in the review concern countries from the Western world, and the material does not offer possibilities for drawing conclusions on a general level in respect to the research questions.

“Most of the studies in our review concern countries from the Western world, but even so, the material does not offer possibilities for drawing conclusions on a general level in respect to our research questions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

An average increase in retirement age may result from its distribution becoming more dispersed, with highly educated people working longer while worn down blue collars do not, creating even larger inequalities among the elderly.

“Otherwise, an average increase in retirement age may well result from its distribution becoming more dispersed, i.e. that highly educated people will work longer while wore down blue collars will not -creating even larger inequalities among the elderly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A prolonged working life will have more permanent positive effects on the financing and sustainability of the pension system than mere fine tuning of benefits and revenues.

“While mere fine tuning of benefits and revenues in the pension system may yield financial balance in the short run, a prolonged working life will have more permanent positive effects on the financing and sustainability of the pension system.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a need to increase the proportion of older workers in the labor market due to future costs for pensions and health care, in combination with a future labor shortage.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a limitation in the literature search, as it was undertaken at three different times.

“There is, however, a limitation in the literature search, as it was undertaken at three different times.”

May combine two claims.

There is an obvious risk of a future gender gap in the labor market with consequences for women's private finances.

“Consequently, there is an obvious risk of a future gender gap in the labor market with consequences for women's private finances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The search for articles in five different databases was conducted by the librarian in collaboration with the researchers.

“the search for articles in five different databases were conducted by the librarian in collaboration with the researchers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This strategy provided an opportunity for the main authors to reach a consensus on the selection of articles.

“This strategy provided an opportunity for the main authors to reach a consensus on the selection of articles.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The 58 reviewed research articles represent a variety of contexts and are based on different types of data but yield some universal insights.

“The 58 reviewed research articles represent a variety of contexts and are based on different types of data but yield some universal insights.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An update can include articles with an older publication date than the time of the update.

“An update can include articles with an older publication date than the time of the update.”