Mitochondria: the birth place, battle ground and the site of melatonin metabolism in cells
Open accessAbstract
It was a surprising discovery when mitochondria, as the power houses of cells, were also found to synthesize the potent mitochondrial targeted antioxidant, melatonin. The melatonin synthetic enzyme serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) was found in matrix and also in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. We hypothesize that the melatonin synthesis occurs in the matrix due to substrate (N-acetyl co-enzyme A) availability while the intermembrane space may serve as the recycling pool of SNAT to regulate the melatonin circadian rhythm. Another surprise was that the melatonin membrane receptors, including MT1 and MT2, were also present in mitochondria. The protective effects of melatonin against neuronal injury induced by brain ischemia/reperfusion were proven to be mainly mediated by mitochondrial melatonin receptors rather than the cell surface membrane receptors which is contrary to the classical principle. In addition, melatonin metabolic enzyme has also been identified in the mitochondria. This enzyme can convert melatonin to N-acetylserotonin to strengthen the antitumor effects of melatonin. Thus, mitochondria are the generator, battle ground and metabolic sites of melatonin. The biological significance of the strong association between mitochondria and melatonin should be intensively investigated.
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Mitochondria play an important role in the production, metabolism, and activity of melatonin.
“Recently obtained results indicate that mitochondria play an important role in the production, metabolism, and activity of melatonin (Tan et al. 2016; Tan and Reiter 2019).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Tan and Reiter 2019
Newer data indicate that the mitochondria are pivotal for several aspects of melatonin: its production, metabolism, and activity through receptors.
“Newer data indicate that the mitochondria are pivotal for several aspects of melatonin: its production, metabolism, and activity through receptors [35].”
From Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
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BackgroundTilden, A. R., Becker, M. A., Amma, L. L., Arciniega, J., & McGaw, A. K. (1997) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1997.tb00310.x · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The most likely precursors (proteobacteria) of mitochondria have the capacity to produce melatonin (35, 36).”
BackgroundLei, Q., Wang, L., Tan, D. X., Zhao, Y. Q., Zheng, X., Chen, H., Li, Q., Zuo, B., & Kong, J. (2013) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12096 · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, in plants many SNAT homologs have been identified in different species (7-9).”
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Melatonin, clock genes and mitochondria in sepsis
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A Novel Metabolic Pathway of Melatonin: Oxidation by Cytochromec
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“Semak et al (60, 61) initially observed that melatonin was metabolized to form AFMK in mitochondria.”
BackgroundZhang, W., Chen, X., Su, S., Jia, Q., Ding, T., Zhu, Z., & Zhang, T. (2015) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2357-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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“For example, melatonin improves aging-related ATP deficiency in cybrids (96), restores the normal ATP production in a parkinsonian phenotype zebra fish which express high oxidative stress (88) and increases ATP levels in neural stem cells (NSCs) which require high energy to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and neur…”
BackgroundChang, C.-C., Huang, T.-Y., Chen, Y.-H., Huang, T., Lin, L.-C., Chang, Y.-J., & Hsia, S. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/9015765 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Targeting Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Pathogenesis in Diabetic Nephropathy
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“AAC tightly binds to cardiolipin in the closed status (163).”
BackgroundMelatonin reduces oxidative neurotoxicity due to quinolinic acid:
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Melatonin and cancer: From the promotion of genomic stability to use in cancer treatment
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Evolution of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: emergence and divergence.
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“In most vertebrates, only one homolog of SNAT gene is detected and it is probably transferred from the proteobacteria (6).”
BackgroundYe, T., Yin, X., Yu, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12531 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In that study, the results indicated that during normal condition, a majority of melatonin was the product of ASMT as the last enzyme; however, under stressful conditions, the major part of melatonin was generated by catalytic activity of SNAT as the final enzyme (49).”
BackgroundChoi, G., Lee, H. Y., & Back, K. (2017) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12412 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This alternative pathway for melatonin synthesis has been confirmed in plants (48).”
BackgroundMelatonin Balance the Autophagy and Apoptosis by Regulating UCP2 in the LPS-Induced Cardiomyopathy
Pan, P., Zhang, H., Su, L., Wang, X., & Liu, D. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23030675 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several reports have attributed melatonin’s protective effects on oxidative stress in different tissues to its ability to upregulate gene expression as well as the activation of UCP2 (136, 137).”
BackgroundChen, H., Chen, Y., Yang, C., Chen, K., Sung, P., Chiang, H., Chen, C., Chua, S. O., Chung, S., Chen, Y., et al. (2016) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12326 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Melatonin prevents adverse myocardial infarction remodeling via Notch1/Mfn2 pathway
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“For post-miotic cells including neurons, myocardial cells and muscle most of the time melatonin inhibits mitochondrial fission and promotes fusion (151-153).”
BackgroundMetabolism of melatonin by cytochrome P450s in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes
Semak, I. V., Корик, Е. О., Antonova, M., Wortsman, J., & Slominski, A. T. (2008) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00630.x · Cited by 80 · cited 2× · see citing works
“was discussed in detail by two groups (60, 63).”
BackgroundMelatonin attenuates postmyocardial infarction injury via increasing Tom70 expression
Pei, H.-F., Hou, J.-N., Wei, F.-P., Xue, Q., Zhang, F., Peng, C.-F., Yang, Y., Tian, Y., Feng, J., Du, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12371 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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“during the embryo development, melatonin seems not to inhibit mitochondrial fission capacity since melatonin supplement always promotes the normal distribution of mitochondria in these cells (144, 145).”
BackgroundMelatonin as a mitochondrial protector in neurodegenerative diseases
Wongprayoon, P., & Govitrapong, P. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2614-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Delivery of nascent polypeptides to the mitochondrial surface.
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“The mitochondrial-targeted transient peptides are both necessary and sufficient for import of the proteins into mitochondria that contain them (45, 46).”
BackgroundHaghi‐Aminjan, H., Farhood, B., Rahimifard, M., Didari, T., Baeeri, M., Hassani, S., Hosseini, R., & Abdollahi, M. R. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2018.1513492 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Melatonin promotes adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes
Kato, H., Tanaka, G., Masuda, S., Ogasawara, J., Sakurai, T., Kizaki, T., Ohno, H., & Izawa, T. (2015) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12259 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“melatonin increased the citrate synthase activity, and upregulated expression of PPAR-γ coactivator 1 α, nuclear respiratory factor-1, and transcription factor A (148); in liver and neurons, melatonin also enhanced mDNA level, mDNA copy numbers and oxidative phosphorylation proteins (149, 150).”
BackgroundYu, L., Fan, C., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Xue, X., Xu, Y., Zhao, G., Yang, Y., & Wang, H. (2016) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12375 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Interaction of neurons and astrocytes underlies the mechanism of Aβ-induced neurotoxicity
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Melatonin, mitochondria, and the metabolic syndrome
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Glucose‐based microbial production of the hormone melatonin in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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“Yeasts use glucose as a starting material to synthesize melatonin (32).”
BackgroundNeuroprotection by Radical Avoidance: Search for Suitable Agents
Hardeland, R. (2009) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules14125054 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A Metabolomic Perspective of Melatonin Metabolism in the Mouse
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Silva, S. D. O., Ximenes, V. F., LIVRAMENTO, J. A., Catalani, L. H., & Čampa, A. (2005) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2005.00247.x · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“amounts were far below its tissue or CSF levels (55, 56).”
BackgroundPetrosillo, G., Benedictis, V. D., Ruggiero, F. M., & Paradies, G. (2013) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-013-9505-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Urinary metabolites and antioxidant products of exogenous melatonin in the mouse
Ma, X., Idle, J., Krausz, K. W., et al. (2006) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2006.00321.x · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“AFMK has been identified in urine of rats and humans (53, 54) and its blood level might associate with breast cancer of human (50); however, its urinary”
BackgroundSelf-citationTwo types of brown adipose tissue in humans
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Byeon, Y., Lee, H. Y., Choi, D., & Back, K. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eru357 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sleep, Melatonin, and the Menopausal Transition: What Are the Links?
Jehan, S., Jean‐Louis, G., Zizi, F., Auguste, E. E., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Gupta, R. M., Attarian, H. P., McFarlane, S. I., Hardeland, R., & Brzezinski, A. (2017) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20170003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Thomas, A. P., Hoang, J. D., Vongbunyong, K. E., Nguyen, A., Rakshit, K., & Matveyenko, A. V. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1309 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Woyda-Ploszczyca, A. M., & Jarmuszkiewicz, W. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.10.003 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Different from the mtPTP, UCPs can be positively regulated to protect the mitochondria (117).”
BackgroundGovender, J., Loos, B., Marais, E., & Engelbrecht, A. (2018) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.031 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Tian, X.-G., Peng, Y., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12478 · Cited by 49 · cited 5×
“Tryp: tryptophan, TPH: tryptophan 5-hydroxylase, 5HTryp: 5-hydroxyltryptophan, AADC: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, 5HT: 5-hydroxyltryptomine (serotonin), SNAT (formal AANAT): serotonin N-acetyltrasferase, NAS: N-acetylserotonin, ASMT (formally HIOMT): Nacetylserotonin methyltrasferase, MT: melatonin.”
BackgroundInfluentialMelatonin enhances hyperthermia‐induced apoptotic cell death in human leukemia cells
Quintana, C., Cabrera, J., Perdomo, J., Estévez, F., Loro-Ferrer, J. F., Reiter, R. J., & Quintana, J. (2016) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12356 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Choroid plexus is an additional source of melatonin in the brain
Quintela, T., Gonçalves, I., da Silva, M. G., Duarte, A. C., Guedes, P. R., Andrade, K. H. S., Freitas, F., Talhada, D., Albuquerque, T., Tavares, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12528 · Cited by 46 · cited 15× · see citing works
“In mitochondria, due to the presence of CP4501B1 and ASMT (39), N-acetyl serotonin is either the precursor or the product of melatonin (Fig.3).”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, S., Byeon, Y., Lee, H., et al. (2014) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12174 · Cited by 45
Waseem, M., Tabassum, H., & Parvez, S. (2016) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2016.08.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ahluwalia, A., Brzozowska, I. M., Hoa, N. T., Jones, M. K., & Tarnawski, A. S. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722131115 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To date, not only MT1 but also the MT2 are reportedly present in the mitochondria of the gastric endothelial cells (166).”
BackgroundSarti, P., Magnifico, M. C., Fabio Altieri, F., Mastronicola, D., & Arese, M. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140611259 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Couple of studies has shown that melatonin application indeed reduces the ATP production in tumor cells (138) and in transformed human skin cells (139).”
BackgroundMelatonin inhibits paraquat‐induced cell death in bovine preimplantation embryos
Pang, Y., Sun, Y., Sun, W., Du, W., Hao, H., Zhao, S., & Zhu, H. (2015) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12297 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yun, C. W., Kim, S., Lee, J. H., & Lee, S. H. (2018) · Anticancer Research · doi:10.21873/anticanres.12681 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Lo, C., Lin, S., Chang, J., & Chien, Y. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111187 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Uncoupling proteins of invertebrates: A review
Słocińska, M., Barylski, J., & Jarmuszkiewicz, W. (2016) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1535 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“32794/mr11250011 52 species and a variety of cell types (119, 120).”
Liu, V., Yau, W., Tam, C. W., Yao, K., & Shiu, S. Y. W. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18061130 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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“In contrast, Yang et al observed that the SNAT was present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space close to the outer membrane (42).”
BackgroundSun, B., Yang, S., Li, S., et al. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.909221 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“reports documented the inhibitory action of melatonin on mitophagy (157) and others report that melatonin promotes mitophagy depending on the study conditions and experimental models (84, 158, 159).”
BackgroundZheng, C., Man, C. D., Cobelli, C., Groop, L., Zhao, H., Bale, A. E., Shaw, M. M., Duran, E. J., Pierpont, B. M., Caprio, S., et al. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Goñi, L., Cuervo, M., Milagro, F. I., & Martínez, J. A. (2014) · Lifestyle Genomics · doi:10.1159/000380951 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“In addition, it also stimulates the activity of the mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes, Mn-SOD in animals and also in plants (28-31).”
BackgroundMelatonin and the brain in photoperiodic mammals.
Hastings, M. H., Herbert, J., Martensz, N. D., et al. (1985) · Ciba Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470720981.ch5 · Cited by 27 · cited 1×
“In vertebrates, melatonin also serves as the signalling molecule to transduce environmental photoperiodic information to their neuroendocrine system (13-15).”
BackgroundRadioimmunoassay of N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK): a melatonin oxidative metabolite.
Harthé, C., Claudy, D., Déchaud, H., et al. (2003) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00483-1 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“AFMK has been identified in urine of rats and humans (53, 54) and its blood level might associate with breast cancer of human (50); however, its urinary”
BackgroundHsiao, C., Peng, T., Peng, A. C., Reiter, R. J., Tanaka, M., Lai, Y., & Jou, M. (2012) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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“UCP1 is exclusively present in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (118); other family members (homologs) of UCPs including UCPs 2-5 are distributed in the mitochondria of different”
BackgroundFigueiro‐Silva, J., Antequera, D., Pascual, C., Revenga, M. D. L. F., Volt, H., Acuña-Castroviejo, D., Rodrı́guez-Franco, M. I., & Carro, E. (2018) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689717721217 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“melatonin increased the citrate synthase activity, and upregulated expression of PPAR-γ coactivator 1 α, nuclear respiratory factor-1, and transcription factor A (148); in liver and neurons, melatonin also enhanced mDNA level, mDNA copy numbers and oxidative phosphorylation proteins (149, 150).”
BackgroundCodenotti, S., Battistelli, M., Burattini, S., et al. (2015) · Oncology Report · doi:10.3892/or.2015.3987 · Cited by 22
Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Health and Disease
Rui, L. (2017) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00784.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Melatonin Synthetic Analogs as Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors
Camacho, M. E., Carriòn, M. D., Lopez-Cara, L. C., Entrena, A., Gallo, M. Á., Espinosa, A., Escames, G., & Acuna-Castroviejo, D. (2012) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/138955712800626674 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Díaz-Casado, M. E., Rusanova, I., Aranda‐Martínez, P., Fernández‐Ortiz, M., Sayed, R. K. A., Fernández-Gil, B. I., Hidalgo‐Gutiérrez, A., Escames, G., López, L. C., & Acuña-Castroviejo, D. (2017) · Zebrafish · doi:10.1089/zeb.2017.1479 · Cited by 20 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, melatonin improves aging-related ATP deficiency in cybrids (96), restores the normal ATP production in a parkinsonian phenotype zebra fish which express high oxidative stress (88) and increases ATP levels in neural stem cells (NSCs) which require high energy to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and neur…”
BackgroundLocalizing acethyl-serotonin transferase by electron microscopy
Kerényi, N. A., Sótonyi, P., & Somogyi, E. (1975) · Histochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf02463562 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This seems to support the observations of Kerenyi et al (43, 44) that SNAT product was observed in the mitochondrial intermembrane space of pinealocytes.”
ResultMadhu, P., Reddy, K. P., & Reddy, P. S. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological Genetics and Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.1917 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of melatonin on erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Zhang, J., Hui, Y., Zhou, F., et al. (2018) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-018-1989-4 · Cited by 15
Ma, C., Pathak, C., Jang, S., et al. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.011 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“A homolog of melatonin synthetic gene N-acetyltransferase (NAT) has been reported in archaea (2) and a structure of NAT in another archaea (Thermoplasma volcanium) has been identified belonging to N-acetyltransferase family member; it has the capacity to bind acetyl coenzyme A (3).”
BackgroundAkinci, A., Eşrefoğlu, M., Çetin, A., et al. (2015) · Archives of medical science : AMS · doi:10.5114/aoms.2015.54870 · Cited by 14
Wang, B.-Q., Yang, Q.-H., Xu, R.-K., et al. (2013) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131965 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“Couple of studies has shown that melatonin application indeed reduces the ATP production in tumor cells (138) and in transformed human skin cells (139).”
BackgroundUltrastructural Studies on the Pinealocyte Mitochondria During the Daytime and at Night
Krakowski, G., & Cieciura, L. (1985) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1985.tb00712.x · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Decades ago, it was noted that the morphology of mitochondria in pinealocytes are dynamically changed during a 24-hour period (147).”
BackgroundKim, C. H., Jeung, E., & Yoo, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19102929 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, it also stimulates the activity of the mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes, Mn-SOD in animals and also in plants (28-31).”
BackgroundAl-Sarraf, I., Kasabri, V. N., Akour, A. A., & Naffa, R. G. (2018) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0016 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Melatonin receptor 1B gene associated with hyperglycemia in bipolar disorder
Hukic, D. S., Lavebratt, C., Frisén, L., Backlund, L., Hilding, A., Gu, H. F., Östenson, C., Erlinge, D., Ehrenborg, E., Schalling, M., et al. (2016) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000131 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biarrotte-Sorin, S., & Mayer, C. (2005) · Acta Crystallographica. Section F : Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications · doi:10.1107/s174430910500223x · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A homolog of melatonin synthetic gene N-acetyltransferase (NAT) has been reported in archaea (2) and a structure of NAT in another archaea (Thermoplasma volcanium) has been identified belonging to N-acetyltransferase family member; it has the capacity to bind acetyl coenzyme A (3).”
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Singh, S., & Singh, T. G. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200207120949 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“Mn-SOD is an important anti-oxidant enzyme essential for the protection of cellular damage [79].”
BackgroundMelatonin metabolism, signaling and possible roles in plants
Back, K. (2020) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.14915 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Importance of Melatonin in Assisted Reproductive Technology and Ovarian Aging
Tamura, H., Jozaki, M., Tanabe, M., Shirafuta, Y., Mihara, Y., Shinagawa, M., Tamura, I., Maekawa, R., Sato, S., Taketani, T., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21031135 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationMelatonin: Roles in influenza, Covid‐19, and other viral infections
Anderson, G., & Reiter, R. J. (2020) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2109 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“melatonin to be intimately associated with mitochondrial function, and thereby with immune system regulation.(6) The interactions of our “bacterial-driven” coexistence with viruses have provided a “War of the Worlds” from which plant and animal evolution have emerged, and in which evolution has acted to tolerate and l…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMelatonin in Cancer Treatment: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities
Talib, W. H., Alsayed, A. R., Abuawad, A., Daoud, S., & Mahmod, A. I. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26092506 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Nano-ZnO-Induced Drought Tolerance Is Associated with Melatonin Synthesis and Metabolism in Maize
Sun, L., Song, F., Guo, J., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21030782 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Yi, S., Zheng, B., Zhu, Y., Cai, Y., Sun, H., & Zhou, J. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00006.2020 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Minich, D. M., Henning, M., Darley, C., Fahoum, M., Schuler, C. B., & Frame, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193934 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“ewer data indicate that he mitochondria re pivotal for sev ral aspects of melatonin: its production, metabolism, and ctivity through receptors [35].”
BackgroundRole of melatonin in controlling angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions
Ma, Q., Reiter, R. J., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Angiogenesis · doi:10.1007/s10456-019-09689-7 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Because melatonin is highly lipophilic, it can pass through all morphophysiological barriers from the circulatory system; it likely gets into every cell and plays a critical role in all tissues [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlant Nitric Oxide Signaling under Drought Stress
Lau, S.-E., Hamdan, M. F., Pua, T., et al. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10020360 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Melatonin plays an important role in plant growth and modulation of defense responses [108].”
BackgroundMelatonin in Mitochondria: Mitigating Clear and Present Dangers
Reiter, R. J., Ma, Q., & Sharma, R. (2020) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00034.2019 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“During OXPHOS, ROS are abundantly formed, and melatonin, as an indiscriminate radical scavenger (67) (FIGURE 1), is in an ideal position to incapacitate these damaging brigands.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMelatonin-Induced Protection Against Plant Abiotic Stress: Mechanisms and Prospects
Hassan, M., Mahmood, A., Awan, M. I., Maqbool, R., Aamer, M., Alhaithloul, H. A. S., Guo-qin, H., Skalický, M., Brestič, M., Pandey, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.902694 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The plant chloroplast and mitochondria are significant sites of MT biosynthesis, and it does not preclude the possibility that some MT is not also formed in cell cytosol (Tan and Reiter, 2019).”
BackgroundBeaupre, L. M., Brown, G. M., Gonçalves, V. F., & Kennedy, J. L. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01464-x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Ren, S., Rutto, L. K., & Katuuramu, D. N. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221687 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cao, B., Qin, J., Pan, B., Qazi, I. H., Ye, J., Fang, Y., & Zhou, G. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11223573 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The role of melatonin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review
Najafi, M., Shayesteh, M. R. H., Mortezaee, K., Farhood, B., & Haghi‐Aminjan, H. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117173 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Melatonin ameliorates ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in porcine oocytes
Lan, M., Zhang, Y., Wan, X., et al. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113374 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Lee, H. Y., Lee, K., & Back, K. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9110712 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The SNAT-catalyzed reaction is the penultimate step; the SNAT gene family plays pivotal roles in terms of melatonin synthesis regulation in both plants and animals [41].”
BackgroundAnderson, G., Rodriguez, M., & Reiter, R. J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20215500 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationReiter, R. J., Sharma, R., Ma, Q., Rosales‐Corral, S., & Chuffa, L. G. D. A. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03438-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial dysfunction in age-related macular degeneration: melatonin as a potential treatment
Mehrzadi, S., Hemati, K., Reiter, R. J., & Hosseinzadeh, A. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2020.1737015 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationCrosstalk between melatonin and nitric oxide in plant development and stress responses
He, H., & He, L. (2020) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.13143 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Boosting immune system against cancer by melatonin: A mechanistic viewpoint
Mortezaee, K., Potes, Y., Mirtavoos‐Mahyari, H., Motevaseli, E., Shabeeb, D., Musa, A. E., Najafi, M., & Farhood, B. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116960 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Su, L., Sun, C., Jiao, L., Miao, Y., Xu, M., Luo, R., Zuo, X., Zhou, R., Zheng, P., et al. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101560 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wang, X., He, Y., Jia, L., Yang, C. S., Reiter, R. J., & Zhang, J. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8080903 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSocaciu, A. I., Ionuţ, R., SOCACIU, M. A., Ungur, A. P., Bârsan, M., Chiorean, A. R., Socaciu, C., & Râjnoveanu, A. G. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09570-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chen, J., Li, H., Yang, K., et al. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.011 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cardinali, D. P., Brown, G. M., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00023-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
New insights into the function of melatonin and its role in metabolic disturbances
do Amaral, F. G., Andrade-Silva, J., Kuwabara, W. M. T., & Cipolla‐Neto, J. (2019) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2019.1631158 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“such as archaea, bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates [3,4].”
Mehmood, S. S., Lu, G., Luo, D., Hussain, M. A., Raza, A., Zafar, Z., Zhang, X., Cheng, Y., Zou, X., & Lv, Y. (2021) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104480 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Redox Biology of Melatonin: Discriminating Between Circadian and Noncircadian Functions
Hardeland, R. (2022) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2021.0275 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“However, findings on higher tissue levels of melatonin and of mitochondrial accumulation (222, 263) let this possibility appear in a new light.”
Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage
Kim, T., Slominski, R. M., Pyza, E., Kleszczyński, K., Tuckey, R. C., Reiter, R. J., Holick, M. F., & Slominski, A. T. (2024) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13091 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Similar functions have been assigned to melatonin and its derivatives (Reiter & Tan, 2019; Zhao et al ., 2019; Reiter et al ., 2017; Tan et al ., 2007, 2013, 2014; Vijayalaxmi et al ., 2004; Slominski et al ., 2014 c , 2017 d ; Janjetovic et al ., 2017; Skobowiat et al ., 2018).”
Self-citationSlominski, A. T., Kim, T., Slominski, R. M., Song, Y., Qayyum, S., Placha, W., Janjetović, Z., Kleszczyński, K., Atigadda, V. R., Song, Y., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015496 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Melatonin also stimulates antioxidative responses and DNA repair pathways, which require high local concentrations (1–1000 µ M) of the compound and are MT1-and MT2-independent [20–22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, M., Wu, C., Muhammad, J. S., Yan, D., Tsuneyama, K., Hatta, H., Cui, Z., & Inadera, H. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101632 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Melatonin as a Chronobiotic and Cytoprotective Agent in Parkinson’s Disease
Perez‐Lloret, S., & Cardinali, D. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.650597 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Tan, D. X., & Hardeland, R. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25194410 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationBenefits and adverse events of melatonin use in the elderly (Review)
Anghel, L., Baroiu, L., Popazu, C., Pătraș, D., Fotea, S., Nechifor, A., Ciubară, A., Nechita, L., Mușat, C. L., Ștefanopol, I. A., et al. (2022) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11142 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Characterization of serotonin and N ‐acetylserotonin systems in the human epidermis and skin cells
Slominski, A. T., Kim, T., Kleszczyński, K., Semak, I. V., Janjetović, Z., Sweatman, T. W., Skobowiat, C., Steketee, J. D., Lin, Z., Postlethwaite, A. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12626 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, Y., Jing, X., Tang, H., et al. (2019) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcz126 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kanwar, M. K., Xie, D., Yang, C., Ahammed, G. J., Qi, Z., Hasan, M. K., Reiter, R. J., Yu, J., & Zhou, J. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121727 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, L., Cao, Q., Gao, W., Li, B., Xia, Z., & Zhao, B. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203137 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Interestingly, mitochondria are the main sites for melatonin synthesis in various cells, including neurons [59, 60].”
BackgroundEsmaeili, S., Sharifi, M., Ghanati, F., Soltani, B. M., Samari, E., & Sagharyan, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30954-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Application of nanotechnology in the agricultural and food processing industries: A review
Shah, M. A., Shahnaz, T., Din, M. Z. U., et al. (2023) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00809 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hwang, O. J., & Back, K. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20205173 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
An Assessment of Melatonin’s Therapeutic Value in the Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy of the Newborn
Cardinali, D. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00034 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“By increasing Bcl-2 protein expression and blocking Bax proapoptotic activity via the sirtuin (SIRT)-1/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) axis, melatonin inhibits significantly cytochrome C release and caspase 3 activation (Sun et al., 2002; Tan and Reiter, 2019).”
BackgroundMelatonin and morphine: potential beneficial effects of co‐use
Hemati, K., Pourhanifeh, M. H., Dehdashtian, E., Fatemi, I., Mehrzadi, S., Reiter, R. J., & Hosseinzadeh, A. (2020) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12566 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationFarouk, S., & Al-Amri, S. M. (2019) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111823 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Leung, J. W.-H., Cheung, K., Ngai, S. P. C., Tsang, H. W. H., & Lau, B. W.-M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21165645 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Identification of a novel melatonin-binding nuclear receptor: Vitamin D receptor
Fang, N., Hu, C., Sun, W., Xu, Y., Gu, Y., Wu, L., Peng, Q., Reiter, R. J., & Liu, L. (2020) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12618 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, G. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109782 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Haskirli, H., Yilmaz, O., Ozgur, R., Uzilday, B., & Türkan, İ. (2020) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112592 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Melatonin exerts oncostatic capacity and decreases melanogenesis in human MNT‐1 melanoma cells
Kleszczyński, K., Kim, T., Bilska, B., Sarna, M., Mokrzynski, K. T., Stegemann, A., Pyza, E., Reiter, R. J., Steinbrink, K., Böhm, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12610 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationBai, Y., Guo, J., Reiter, R. J., Wei, Y., & Shi, H. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa267 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Its Neuroinvasive Capacity: Is It Time for Melatonin?
Romero, A., Ramos, E., Lopez-Munoz, F. J., Gil‐Martín, E., Escames, G., & Reiter, R. J. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-020-00938-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, H. Y., & Back, K. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10040511 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“antioxidant believed to be enriched in chloroplasts [46,47], it is highly likely that melato-”
BackgroundAnderson, G., & Reiter, R. J. (2019) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/1178646919855942 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBawa, G., Feng, L., Shi, J., et al. (2020) · Functional Plant Biology · doi:10.1071/fp19358 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Melatonin and the Skin: Current Progress and Perspectives for Human Health
Slominski, A. T., Kim, T., Janjetović, Z., Slominski, R. M., Ganguli‐Indra, G., Athar, M., Indra, A. K., Reiter, R. J., & Kleszczyński, K. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2024.11.012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationMelatonin in the treatment of fibromyalgia symptoms: A systematic review
Hemati, K., Kadijani, A. A., Sayehmiri, F., Mehrzadi, S., Zabihiyeganeh, M., Hosseinzadeh, A., & Mirzaei, A. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101072 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ramezani, M., Komaki, A., Hashemi-Firouzi, N., Mortezaee, K., Faraji, N., & Golipoor, Z. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101804 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Circadian disruption, melatonin rhythm perturbations and their contributions to chaotic physiology
Reiter, R. J., Rosales‐Corral, S., & Sharma, R. (2020) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2020.07.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of phytomelatonin receptor 1-mediated signaling in plant growth and stress response
Khan, D., Cai, N., Zhu, W., Li, L., Guan, M., Pu, X., & Chen, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1142753 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Naturally occurring melatonin: Sources and possible ways of its biosynthesis
Juhņeviča-Radenkova, K., Moreno, D. A., Ikase, L., Drudze, I., & Radenkovs, V. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12639 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide Is Essential to Keep the Postharvest Quality of Fruits and Vegetables
Liu, Y., Chen, T., Tao, N. P., Yan, T., Wang, Q., & Li, Q. (2023) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae9020135 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“MT, which is mainly synthesized in the chloroplast and mitochondria, is widely involved in the growth and stress responses of plants as an antioxidant or structural analog of indole-3-acetic acid [91].”
BackgroundKurhaluk, N. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1899198 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Du, P., Cao, Y., Yin, B., Zhou, S., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, J., & Liang, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.980327 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“These results suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts will be the main battlefields for melatonin to remove ROS and alleviate oxidative stress in plants (Wang et al., 2017; Kanwar et al., 2018; Tan and Reiter, 2019).”
BackgroundMelatonin as a chronobiotic/cytoprotective agent in bone. Doses involved
Cardinali, D. P. (2023) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12931 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“37 The mitochondrial aspects of melatonin activity deserve to be considered.”
BackgroundMelatonin as a promising modulator of aging related neurodegenerative disorders: Role of microRNAs
Fathalizadeh, A., Rahnemayan, S., Rajabi, H., Vahed, N., Kashani, H. R. K., Rezabakhsh, A., & Sanaie, S. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105839 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reference intervals for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine: A meta-analysis
Braam, W., & Spruyt, K. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101614 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hwang, O. J., & Back, K. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10010141 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Due to the large number of physiological roles played by melatonin, it has long been suspected that plants, like animals, possess melatonin receptors [7].”
BackgroundMelatonin's efficacy in stroke patients; a matter of dose? A systematic review
Ramos, E., Farré‐Alins, V., Egea, J., Lopez-Munoz, F. J., Reiter, R. J., & Romero, A. (2020) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.114933 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Light Quality and Phytochrome Form on Melatonin Biosynthesis in Rice
Hwang, O. J., Kang, K., & Back, K. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10040523 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jiang, M., Ye, F., Liu, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.998861 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Though the original sites of melatonin biosynthesis are mitochondria and chloroplasts in higher plants (Tan and Reiter, 2019), both foliar and rhizospheric melatonin application has been shown to enhance the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress, such as low temperature and drought (Li et al.”
BackgroundMelatonin and Vascular Function
Mendes, L., Queiroz, M., & Sena, C. M. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13060747 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Indeed, the mitochondria are crucial for melatonin synthesis, metabolism, and activity [5].”
BackgroundFunctional Characterization of Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase in Archaeon Thermoplasma volcanium
Lee, K., Choi, G., & Back, K. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11030596 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Melatonin’s Benefits and Risks as a Therapy for Sleep Disturbances in the Elderly: Current Insights
Cardinali, D. P., Brown, G. M., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s380465 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Additionally, melatonin is generated locally in most cells, tissues, and organs, including lymphocytes, bone marrow, the thymus, the gastrointestinal system, the skin, and the eyes, where it can have an autocrine or paracrine role(38) Indeed, there is now compelling evidence that melatonin is synthesized in every anim…”
BackgroundEmamverdian, A., Ghorbani, A., Pehlivan, N., et al. (2023) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112433 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Are melatonin doses employed clinically adequate for melatonin-induced cytoprotection?
Cardinali, D. P. (2019) · Melatonin Research · doi:10.32794/mr11250025 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Anderson, G. (2019) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Increased Oxidative Stress Markers in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Thrombolytics
Pawluk, H., Kołodziejska, R., Grześk, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415625 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Depression Pathophysiology: Astrocyte Mitochondrial Melatonergic Pathway as Crucial Hub
Anderson, G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24010350 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
He, L., Cui, X., Xia, Q., Li, F., Mo, J., Gong, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. J. (2019) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chen, Y.-T., Huang, C., Chang, C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.48358 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Melatonin (Mel), synthesized in mitochondria and thus, most cells in human being can synthesize this small molecule [22], has been identified to be a robust antioxidant [23, 24] that strongly suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species and attenuated inflammation.”
BackgroundResultAssociations of ozone exposure with urinary metabolites of arachidonic acid
He, L., Lin, Y., Wang, X., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Qin, J., Wang, X., Day, D. B., Xiang, J., Mo, J., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106154 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy
Ramos, E., Lopez-Munoz, F. J., Gil‐Martín, E., Egea, J., Álvarez‐Merz, I., Painuli, S., Semwal, P., Martins, N. A., Hernández-Guijo, J. M., & Romero, A. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10071152 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dark secrets of phytomelatonin
Chen, Q., Hou, S., Pu, X., Li, X., Li, R., Yang, Q., Wang, X., Guan, M., & Rengel, Z. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erac168 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Melatonin as an Add-On Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: Current Status
Brown, G. M., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Pupko, H., Kennedy, J. L., & Cardinali, D. P. (2021) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases9030064 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Paulino, L. R. F. M., Barroso, P. A. A., Silva, J. R. V., et al. (2022) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106750 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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“2018; Tan and Reiter 2019).”
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The rationale for treating uveal melanoma with adjuvant melatonin: a review of the literature
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Hwang, O. J., & Back, K. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26041075 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Differential susceptibility of retinal ganglion cell subtypes against neurodegenerative diseases
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Melatonin: A Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Experimental and Clinical Perinatal Asphyxia
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Melatonin — This is important to know
Kołodziejczyk, I., & Kaźmierczak, A. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170871 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tan, D.-X., & Reiter, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- ORCID
- Reiter, Russel. J.
- Venue
- Melatonin Research
- Publisher
- ST Bio-life
- Published
- 2019-02-28
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-66
- ISSN
- 2641-0281 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2919912171
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 32
- FWCI
- 18.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Melatonin Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- melatonin synthesis, mitochondria, serotonin N-acetyltransferase, mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, melatonin receptors, MT1 receptor, MT2 receptor, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuronal injury, N-acetylserotonin, melatonin metabolism, circadian rhythm, anticancer activity
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