Cited by 2,192Circadian rhythm and melatoninmelanin and skin pigmentationHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Pineal Melatonin: Cell Biology of Its Synthesis and of Its Physiological Interactions*

REITER, RUSSEL J.·1991·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

UNTIL 35 yr ago, most scientists did not take research on the pineal gland seriously. The decade beginning in 1956, however, provided several discoveries that laid the foundation for what has become a very active area of investigation. These important early observations included the findings that, 1), the physiological activity of the pineal is influenced by the photoperiodic environment (1–5); 2), the gland contains a substance, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine or melatonin, which has obvious endocrine capabilities (6, 7); 3), the function of the reproductive system in photoperiodically dependent rodents is inextricably linked to the physiology of the pineal gland (5, 8, 9); 4), the sympathetic innervation to the pineal is required for the gland to maintain its biosynthetic and endocrine activities (10, 11); and 5), the pineal gland can be rapidly removed from rodents with minimal damage to adjacent neural structures using a specially designed trephine (12). Since the mid 1960s, research on the pineal gland has increased exponentially, and its association with a wide variety of physiological systems has been documented (13–18). Proof that melatonin is the hormone of pineal origin that accounts for many of the endocrine manifestations of the gland, however, came somewhat later. Thus, whereas some early studies certainly suggested that melatonin had modulatory effects on the neuroendocrine- reproductive axis (19, 20), these actions were questioned when it was observed that in hams…

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Crossref · 10.1210/edrv-12-2-151

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Authors
REITER, R. J.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
Corresponding author
REITER, RUSSEL J.
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
1991-05
Volume
12
Issue
2
Pages
151-180
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W2136350449
Cited by
2,192
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 59
FWCI
37.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords
pineal gland, melatonin, melatonin synthesis, photoperiod, neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, reproductive physiology, sympathetic innervation, short-day exposure, circadian rhythm, pinealectomy
MeSH terms
Animals, Body Fluids, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Melatonin, Pineal Gland, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Neurotransmitter, Receptors, Melatonin

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