Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research Synthesis
Abstract
Informed decisions about sampling are critical to improving the quality of research synthesis. Even though several qualitative research synthesists have recommended purposeful sampling for synthesizing qualitative research, the published literature holds sparse discussion on how different strategies for purposeful sampling may be applied to a research synthesis. In primary research, Patton is frequently cited as an authority on the topic of purposeful sampling. In Patton’s original texts that are referred to in this article, Patton does not make any suggestion of using purposeful sampling for research synthesis. This article makes a unique contribution to the literature by examining the adaptability of each of Patton’s 16 purposeful sampling strategies to the process of qualitative research synthesis. It illuminates how different purposeful sampling strategies might be particularly suited to constructing multi‐perspectival, emancipatory, participatory and deconstructive interpretations of published research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Participants were selected with maximum variation sampling to cover different job roles and various types of organizations.
“We selected participants with the maximum variation sampling method [93] of purposeful sampling to cover participants with different job roles and in various types of organizations.”
From Software Architecture in Practice: Challenges and Opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
Cites
Realist review - a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions
Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1258/1355819054308530 · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
Pawson, R. (2006) · doi:10.4135/9781849209120 · Cited by 1,791 · see citing works
Fertile Obsession: Validity After Poststructuralism
Lather, P. (1993) · The Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00112.x · Cited by 937 · cited 1× · see citing works
“I have retained the term research synthesis ‘to both circulate and break with the signs that code it’ (Lather, 1993, p. 674) by rupturing the exclusive notion of research synthesis as an objective and reductionist aggregation of research findings.”
BackgroundMeta-Study of Qualitative Health Research
Paterson, B., Thorne, S., Canam, C., & Jillings, C. (2001) · doi:10.4135/9781412985017 · Cited by 664 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…their methods are suitable for synthesizing even a small number of qualitative research studies: for example, meta-ethnography for three studies (Noblit &Hare, 1988), aggregated analysis for four studies (Eastabrooks et al., 1994) andmeta-study for twelve studies (Paterson et al., 2001, p. 38).”
BackgroundMethodAggregating Qualitative Findings: An Approach to Theory Development
Estabrooks, C. A., Field, P. A., & Morse, J. M. (1994) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973239400400410 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Towards Rigor in Reviews of Multivocal Literatures: Applying the Exploratory Case Study Method
Ogawa, R. T., & Malen, B. (1991) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543061003265 · Cited by 247 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A rigorous research synthesis makes much more demand on time and resources when compared with ad hoc reviews (Elmore, 1991; Ogawa & Malen, 1991; Stock, Benito, and Lasa, 1996).”
Method
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lewin, S., Glenton, C., Munthe-Kaas, H., Carlsen, B., Colvin, C. J., Gülmezoglu, M., Noyes, J., Booth, A., Garside, R., & Rashidian, A. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001895 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Meeting the review family: exploring review types and associated information retrieval requirements
Sutton, A., Clowes, M., Preston, L., & Booth, A. (2019) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12276 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Purposive sampling in qualitative research: a framework for the entire journey
Ahmad, M., & Wilkins, S. (2025) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-024-02022-5 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Does student agency benefit student learning? A systematic review of higher education research
Stenalt, M. H., & Lassesen, B. (2022) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1967874 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Qualitative research synthesis: An appreciative and critical introduction
Drisko, J. W. (2020) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325019848808 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Waling, A., & Pym, T. (2019) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2017.1394821 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Software Architecture in Practice: Challenges and Opportunities
Wan, Z., Zhang, Y., Xia, X., Jiang, Y., & Lo, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/3611643.3616367 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Note that some participants take more than one role in their projects.”
BackgroundTransnationalism and Hypertension Self-Management Among Haitian Immigrants
Sanon, M.-A., Spigner, C., & McCullagh, M. C. (2016) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659614543476 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Middle leaders’ facilitation of teacher learning in collaborative teams
Lipscombe, K., Buckley-Walker, K., & Tindall-Ford, S. (2023) · School Leadership & Management · doi:10.1080/13632434.2023.2215803 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Papyshev, G., & Yarime, M. (2024) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01611-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
de Vries, K., Drury-Ruddlesden, J., & Gaul, C. (2019) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301216656097 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The interviews were conducted from self-selected convenience samples (Suri, 2011) where we advertised for participants in local newspapers, at Alzheimer’s Conferences and other venues such as caregiver support forums or through contacts of participants, that is using a Respondent-Driven sampling approach (Heckathorn,…”
BackgroundFarrar, N., Elliott, D., Houghton, C., Jepson, M., Mills, N., Paramasivan, S., Plumb, L., Wade, J., Young, B., Donovan, J. L., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06818-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dynamics of evidence-informed health policy making in Pakistan
Haq, Z., Hafeez, A., Zafar, S., & Ghaffar, A. (2017) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czx128 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mason, M. C., Zamparo, G., Saleem, S., & Umar, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-12-2023-6441 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Attitudes towards people with mental illness among medical students: A qualitative research
Rodríguez-Rivas, M. E. (2021) · Psychology, Society & Education · doi:10.25115/psye.v13i2.3663 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Saint-Martin (2020) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2020.06481 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Suri, H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Suri, Harsh
- ORCID
- Suri, Harsh
- Venue
- Qualitative Research Journal
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2011-08-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 63-75
- ISSN
- 1443-9883 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145622208
- Cited by
- 2,284
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 260 · 2025: 349 · 2024: 289 · 2023: 258 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 230 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 44.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Qualitative Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- qualitative evidence synthesis, sampling strategy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review