The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evolution of upwelling systems coupled to the long-term variability in sea surface temperature and Ekman transport
Open accessAbstract
In the early 1990s it was hypothesized that the global warming process would produce an increase in sea-land temperature gradients and, subsequently, enhance the wind patterns responsible for coastal upwelling.Hence, an increase in the intensity of coastal upwelling was expected in the main upwelling ecosystems around the world.However, recently published analyses of the evolution of coastal upwelling processes have shown contradictory evidence.For this reason, time series of sea-surface temperature (SST) and the upwelling index I w extracted from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project database and covering the last 6 decades were studied.The time series analyses focused on the northern part of the Canary Current System and included comparisons with upwelling systems off NW Africa, California, Benguela and Peru.Climatic indices, including the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Eastern Atlantic Pattern, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Index and North Atlantic Oscillation, were investigated to explain the variability found in the NCEP/NCAR time series.A general sea-surface warming and weakening of the upwelling intensity in the Iberian/ Canary and NW African regions were found and these have intensified in the last 4 decades.These trends were clearly observed in winter and autumn for both regions, and a weakening in the upwelling intensity was also detected in summer in the NW African region.The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Eastern Atlantic Pattern indices correlated with both SST and I w , particularly in winter and spring, and also with both the Iberian/ Canary and NW African regions.No clear trend was found for the California region, while, conforming to the hypothesis, the Benguela region exhibited enhancement of upwelling, but only slight sea-surface warming.In contrast, the Peru region indicated a weakening of upwelling accompanied by marginal sea-surface warming.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The CAUS OISST 1 /4 maps show lower SST along the coast than in the open ocean (Figure 8) as previously observed by different authors [8,46].”
From Examining the ability of CMIP6 models to reproduce the upwelling SST imprint in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“On the contrary, Pardo et al. (2011) found a higher warming rate from 1970 to 2009 of +0.3°C dec -1 for the SU.”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐a, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Pardo et al. (2011)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Warming rates of +0.21°C and +0.22°C were found for periods between 1970between -2009between and 1982between -2006between , respectively (Belkin, 2009;;Pardo et al., 2011).”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐a, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Pardo et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Pardo et al. (2011) used the NCEP/NCAR data set and found a wind decrease in Iberia and Northwest Africa which is most prominent from 1970 to 2009.”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐a, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Pardo et al. (2011)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Pardo et al. found “weakening of the upwelling intensity in the Iberian/Canary and NW African regions”.”
From Canary current upwelling: More or less? (2013) · cites this paper as Pardo et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Other more detailed studies like Narayan et al. (2010) and Pardo et al. (2011) have examined long term variation in the Canaries and other upwelling zones with varied results.”
From Canary current upwelling: More or less? (2013) · cites this paper as Pardo et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Enfield, D. B., Mestas‐Nuñez, A. M., & Trimble, P. J. (2001) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl012745 · Cited by 3,027
An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation
Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., & Visbeck, M. (2003) · Geophysical Monograph Series · doi:10.1029/134gm01 · Cited by 1,955
Primary production required to sustain global fisheries
Pauly, D. F., & Christensen, V. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/374255a0 · Cited by 1,948
Rapid warming of large marine ecosystems
Belkin, I. M. (2009) · Progress in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.011 · Cited by 1,017
Regional Oceanography: An Introduction
Tomczak, M., & Godfrey, J. S. (1994) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/0967-0653(94)91736-1 · Cited by 986
A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems
Chávez, F. P., & Messié, M. (2009) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032 · Cited by 907
Regional oceanography: an introduction
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0321 · Cited by 829
(1976) · Cited by 703
Coastal Upwelling Indices, West Coast of North America, 1946-71
Bakun, A. (2018) · Cited by 687
The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact
Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., & Visbeck, M. H. (2003) · American Geophysical Union eBooks · Cited by 534
Sub-regional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current upwelling
Arı́stegui, J., Barton, E. D., Álvarez–Salgado, X. A., Santos, A. M. P., Figueiras, F. G., Kifani, S., Hernández‐León, S., Mason, E., Machu, É., & Demarcq, H. (2009) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.031 · Cited by 493
Delayed upwelling alters nearshore coastal ocean ecosystems in the northern California current
Barth, J. A., Menge, B. A., Lubchenco, J., Chan, F., Bane, J. M., Kirincich, A. R., McManus, M. A., Nielsen, K. J., Pierce, S. D., & Washburn, L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700462104 · Cited by 342
Decadal to multidecadal variability and the climate change background
Parker, D., Folland, C. K., Scaife, A. A., Knight, J. R., Colman, A. W., Baines, P. G., & Dong, B. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jd008411 · Cited by 322
Greenhouse gas, upwelling‐favorable winds, and the future of coastal ocean upwelling ecosystems
Bakun, A., Field, D. B., Redondo-Rodriguez, A., & WEEKS, S. J. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02094.x · Cited by 314
Recent trends in global ocean chlorophyll
Gregg, W. W., Casey, N. W., & McClain, C. R. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl021808 · Cited by 312
A Historical Perspective of U.S. Climate Divisions
Guttman, N. B., & Quayle, R. G. (1996) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077 · Cited by 302
Rapid 20th-century increase in coastal upwelling off northwest Africa
McGregor, H. V., Dima, M., Fischer, H. W., & Mulitza, S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134839 · Cited by 290
Future climate change and upwelling in the California Current
Snyder, M. A., Sloan, L. C., Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Bell, J. L. (2003) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2003gl017647 · Cited by 274
Primary production required to sustain global fisheries
Pauly, D. (., & Christensen, V. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376279b0 · Cited by 194
The Warming of the California Current System: Dynamics and Ecosystem Implications
Di Lorenzo, E., Miller, A. J., Schneider, N., & McWilliams, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/jpo-2690.1 · Cited by 194
Increased coastal upwelling in the California Current System
Schwing, F. B., & Mendelssohn, R. (1997) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/96jc03591 · Cited by 166
The upwelling regime off the West Portuguese Coast, 1941–2000
Lemos, R. T., & Pires, H. O. (2004) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.1009 · Cited by 165
common and uncommon trends in SST and wind stress in the California and Peru–Chile current systems
Mendelssohn, R., & Schwing, F. B. (2002) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00028-9 · Cited by 127
Plankton response to weakening of the Iberian coastal upwelling
PÉREZ, F. F., PADÍN, X. A., PAZOS, Y., GILCOTO, M., CABANAS, M., PARDO, P. C., DOVAL, M. D., & FARINA‐BUSTO, L. (2010) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02125.x · Cited by 126
Self-citationGómez-Gesteira, M., deCastro, M., Alvarez, I., & Gómez-Gesteira, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jc004315 · Cited by 101
Arístegui, J., Álvarez–Salgado, X. A., Barton, E. D., Figueiras, F. G., Hernández‐León, S., Roy, C., & Santos, A. M. P. (2006) · Cited by 90
The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact
Hurrell, J. W. (2003) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/gm134 · Cited by 87
Spatio‐temporal variability of ocean temperature in the Portugal Current System
Lemos, R. T., & Sansó, B. (2006) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2005jc003051 · Cited by 65
Near-surface structures in the Cape Ghir filament off Morocco
Hagen, E., Zulicke, C., & Feistel, R. (1996) · Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) · Cited by 55
Trends and directions in climate research
Gimeno, L., García‐Herrera, R., & Trigo, R. M. (2008) · Cited by 36
Some aspects of the three-dimensional heat island in Moscow
Shahgedanova, M., Burt, T. P., & Davies, T. D. (1997) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19971115)17:13 · Cited by 34
Recent trends in the spatial structure of wind forcing and SST in the California current system
Schwing, F. B., Parrish, F., & Mendelssohn, R. (1998) · Digital Library Of The Commons Repository (Indiana University) · Cited by 11
Mutai, C. (2000) · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013
McHugh, M. (2004) · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Barton ED (1998) Eastern boundary of the North Atlantic: Northwest Africa and Iberia. Coastal segment (18, E). In: Robinson A, Brink KH (eds) The sea, Vol 11. John Wiley, New York, p 633-657
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The great Atlantic Sargassum belt
Wang, M., Hu, C., Barnes, B. B., Mitchum, G. T., Lapointe, B. E., & Montoya, J. P. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw7912 · Cited by 741
Microbial biogeochemistry of coastal upwelling regimes in a changing ocean
Capone, D. G., & Hutchins, D. A. (2013) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo1916 · Cited by 325
Spatial and temporal seasonal trends in coastal upwelling off Northwest Africa, 1981–2012
Cropper, T. E., Hanna, E., & Bigg, G. R. (2014) · Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.01.007 · Cited by 260
Climate Change Impacts on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems
Bograd, S. J., Jacox, M. G., Hazen, E. L., Lovecchio, E., Montès, I., Buil, M. P., Shannon, L. J., Sydeman, W. J., & Rykaczewski, R. R. (2022) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-021945 · Cited by 200
Has upwelling strengthened along worldwide coasts over 1982-2010?
Varela, R., Alvarez, I., Santos, F., deCastro, M., & Gómez-Gesteira, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10016 · Cited by 175
Metadata
- Authors
- Pardo, P., Padín, X., Gilcoto, M., Farina-Busto, L., & Pérez, F.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Climate Research
- Publisher
- Inter-Research Science Center
- Published
- 2011-08-30
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 231-246
- ISSN
- 0936-577X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-1572
- OpenAlex
- W1965155068
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Climate Research (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Xunta de Galicia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
- Keywords
- coastal upwelling, sea surface temperature, Ekman transport, upwelling index, global warming, North Atlantic Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Benguela upwelling, Peruvian upwelling, climate variability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
