Evolution of upwelling systems coupled to the long-term variability in sea surface temperature and Ekman transport
Open accessAbstract
In the early 1990s it was hypothesized that the global warming process would produce an increase in sea-land temperature gradients and, subsequently, enhance the wind patterns responsible for coastal upwelling.Hence, an increase in the intensity of coastal upwelling was expected in the main upwelling ecosystems around the world.However, recently published analyses of the evolution of coastal upwelling processes have shown contradictory evidence.For this reason, time series of sea-surface temperature (SST) and the upwelling index I w extracted from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project database and covering the last 6 decades were studied.The time series analyses focused on the northern part of the Canary Current System and included comparisons with upwelling systems off NW Africa, California, Benguela and Peru.Climatic indices, including the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Eastern Atlantic Pattern, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Index and North Atlantic Oscillation, were investigated to explain the variability found in the NCEP/NCAR time series.A general sea-surface warming and weakening of the upwelling intensity in the Iberian/ Canary and NW African regions were found and these have intensified in the last 4 decades.These trends were clearly observed in winter and autumn for both regions, and a weakening in the upwelling intensity was also detected in summer in the NW African region.The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Eastern Atlantic Pattern indices correlated with both SST and I w , particularly in winter and spring, and also with both the Iberian/ Canary and NW African regions.No clear trend was found for the California region, while, conforming to the hypothesis, the Benguela region exhibited enhancement of upwelling, but only slight sea-surface warming.In contrast, the Peru region indicated a weakening of upwelling accompanied by marginal sea-surface warming.
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The CAUS OISST 1/4 maps show lower SST along the coast than in the open ocean.
“The CAUS OISST 1 /4 maps show lower SST along the coast than in the open ocean (Figure 8) as previously observed by different authors [8,46].”
From Examining the ability of CMIP6 models to reproduce the upwelling SST imprint in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
The Introduction (page unavailable) explains that coastal upwelling brings cooler water to a narrow region near the coast and identifies the California Current as an upwelling system. That supports the general observation of cool coastal water, but the available text does not explicitly compare California coastal SST with open-ocean SST. The citing paper’s OISST maps are its own, not a result attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPardo et al. (2011) found a higher warming rate from 1970 to 2009 of +0.3°C dec^-1 for the SU.
“On the contrary, Pardo et al. (2011) found a higher warming rate from 1970 to 2009 of +0.3°C dec -1 for the SU.”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Pardo et al. (2011)
Section 2.3 defines the last-four-decades period as 1970–2009. Section 3.2 reports stronger warming in the NW African region during that period, with rates ranging from 0.16 to 0.36°C per decade. This supports warming of roughly the claimed magnitude, but the cited passages do not establish a single +0.3°C-per-decade rate for the SU specifically. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWarming rates of +0.21°C and +0.22°C were found for periods 1970-2009 and 1982-2006, respectively.
“Warming rates of +0.21°C and +0.22°C were found for periods between 1970between -2009between and 1982between -2006between , respectively (Belkin, 2009;;Pardo et al., 2011).”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Pardo et al., 2011
Pardo et al. (2011) found a wind decrease in Iberia and Northwest Africa which is most prominent from 1970 to 2009.
“Pardo et al. (2011) used the NCEP/NCAR data set and found a wind decrease in Iberia and Northwest Africa which is most prominent from 1970 to 2009.”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Pardo et al. (2011)
Pardo et al. found weakening of the upwelling intensity in the Iberian/Canary and NW African regions.
“Pardo et al. found “weakening of the upwelling intensity in the Iberian/Canary and NW African regions”.”
From Canary current upwelling: More or less? (2013) · cites this paper as Pardo et al., 2011
More detailed studies such as Narayan et al. (2010) and Pardo et al. (2011) have examined long-term variation in the Canaries and other upwelling zones with varied results.
“Other more detailed studies like Narayan et al. (2010) and Pardo et al. (2011) have examined long term variation in the Canaries and other upwelling zones with varied results.”
From Canary current upwelling: More or less? (2013) · cites this paper as Pardo et al., 2011
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“(Figure 8) as previously observed by different authors [8,46].”
ResultInfluentialOccurrence of basking shark Cetorhinus maximus in southern Portuguese waters: a two-decade survey
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Reconstruction of sea-surface temperatures in the Canary Islands during Marine Isotope Stage 11
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- Authors
- Pardo, P., Padín, X., Gilcoto, M., Farina-Busto, L., & Pérez, F.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Climate Research
- Publisher
- Inter-Research Science Center
- Published
- 2011-08-30
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 231-246
- ISSN
- 0936-577X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-1572
- OpenAlex
- W1965155068
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Climate Research (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Xunta de Galicia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
- Keywords
- coastal upwelling, sea surface temperature, Ekman transport, upwelling index, global warming, North Atlantic Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Benguela upwelling, Peruvian upwelling, climate variability
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