One Step at a Time: The Effects of an Early Literacy Text-Messaging Program for Parents of Preschoolers
Abstract
Benjamin N. York (ben.york{at}parentpowered.com), Susanna Loeb (susanna_loeb{at}brown.edu) and Christopher Doss (cdoss{at}rand.org) Benjamin N. York is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of ParentPowered Technologies. Susanna Loeb is the Director of the Annenberg Institute at Brown University, Professor of Education and International and Public Affairs. Christopher Doss is an Associate Policy Researcher at the RAND Corporation.
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Impact of a Parent Text Messaging Program on Pre-Kindergarteners’ Literacy Development
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“Indeed, York et al. (2018) demonstrated some evidence of promise in the more comprehensive text messaging program, and the authors hypothesized that rotating the domains of literacy, mathematics, and social-emotional skills may have enabled parents and children to stay engaged with the program over…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParental engagement in Ghanaian pre-primary schools: A mixed-methods study
Bartoli, B., Joshi, C., & Wolf, S. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101926 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How behavioral science can empower parents to improve children's educational outcomes
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Can interactive apps promote parent-child conversations?
Rowe, M. L., Turco, R. G., & Blatt, J. H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101326 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Addressing nonfinancial barriers to college access and success: Evidence and policy implications
(2023) · Handbook of the Economics of Education · doi:10.1016/bs.hesedu.2022.11.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
It’s too annoying: Who drops out of educational text messaging programs and why
Fricke, H., Kalogrides, D., & Loeb, S. (2018) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.08.029 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBloomfield, J., Balsa, A. I., & Cid, A. (2022) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-021-09593-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Our paper is among the first ones, together with York et al. (2019), to show the benefits of a program combining e-messaging and nudges in boosting parental investment; and the first we are aware of that implements these tools to address parenting in a developing country.”
BackgroundInfluentialJiménez, M. E., Crabtree, B. F., Hudson, S. V., Mendelsohn, A. L., Lima, D., Shelton, P. A., Veras, J., Lin, Y., Pellerano, M. B., Morrow, L. M., et al. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.02.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Having Fun Doing Math: Text Messages Promoting Parent Involvement Increased Student Learning
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A Remote Parenting Program and Parent and Staff Perspectives: A Randomized Trial
Smith, J., Chang, S. M., Brentani, A., Fink, G., Bóo, F. L., Torino, B. M., Codina, M. R., & Walker, S. P. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-060221f · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Text to talk: Effects of a home-school vocabulary texting intervention on prekindergarten vocabulary
Snell, E. K., Wasik, B. A., & Hindman, A. H. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.12.011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Grätz, M., Lang, V., & Diewald, M. (2021) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/00016993211051958 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kraft, M. A., & Bolves, A. J. (2021) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00344 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Several studies also find that proactively pushing information and guidance to parents is particularly effective at improving outcomes among students from low-income families and students of color (Hurwitz et al., 2015; Kraft & Rogers, 2015; York et al., 2019) and that effects become more pronounced as information and…”
BackgroundA Text-Based Intervention to Promote Literacy: An RCT
Chamberlain, L. J., Bruce, J. S., Cruz, M. D. L., Huffman, L. C., Steinberg, J. R., Bruguera, R., Peterson, J. W., Gardner, R. M., He, Z., Ordaz, Y., et al. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-049648 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroducing Prescriptive and Predictive Analytics to MBA Students with Microsoft Excel
Diamant, A. (2023) · INFORMS Transactions on Education · doi:10.1287/ited.2023.0286 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Helping families help themselves: The (Un)intended impacts of a digital parenting program
Amaral, S., Dinarte-Diaz, L., Domínguez, P., & Perez-Vincent, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103181 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Giannola, M. (2023) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uead086 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hanno, E. C. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2053476 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Ready4K had positive average impacts on parents’ home literacy behaviors and school involvement (0.15–0.29 SD), as well as on children’s early literacy skills (0.11 SD; York et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUsing SMS and parental outreach to improve early reading skills in Zambia
Ome, A., & Menendez, A. (2021) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2021.1988518 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Barratt-Pugh, C., Hill, S., Johnson, N. F., Barblett, L., & Parker, A. (2022) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-022-01433-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The impact of information provision to parents: Experimental evidence on student outcomes
Maldonado, J. E., & Witte, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100548 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aurino, E., Tsinigo, E., & Wolf, S. (2022) · doi:10.53832/edtechhub.0083 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Nudges are structured around sequences in a format inspired by READY4K!, an eight-month-long text-messaging intervention for parents of preschoolers that targets the behavioural barriers to engaged parenting (⇡York et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRaisch, N., Bailey, R. J., & Jones, S. M. (2024) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2024.100056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Inequity of Opt-in Educational Resources and an Intervention to Increase Equitable Access
Robinson, C. D., Bisht, B., & Loeb, S. (2025) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x251331518 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Texting to Help Families Build Their Children’s Vocabulary at Home
Snell, E. K., Wasik, B. A., & Hindman, A. H. (2020) · The Reading Teacher · doi:10.1002/trtr.1906 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
School’s Out: Experimental Evidence on Limiting Learning Loss Using 'Low-Tech' in a PandemicPreprint
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The impact of standardized test feedback in math: Exploiting a natural experiment in 3rd grade
Beuchert, L. V., Eriksen, T. L. M., & Krægpøth, M. V. (2020) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.102017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nudging parents and teachers to improve learning and reduce child labor in Cote d’Ivoire
Wolf, S., & Lichand, G. F. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00180-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Test-Taking for Gifted and Talented Kindergarten: Underscoring the Importance of Outreach
Lu, Y., Weinberg, S. L., & McCormick, M. P. (2020) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986220941587 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…the context of having to navigate a complex multipleapplication process like that in New York City, this literature highlights the importance of having access to information about these other education programs (Corcoran et al., 2018; Hastings & Weinstein, 2008; Valant, 2014; York et al., 2019).”
BackgroundNazare, J., Woolf, A. R., Sysoev, I., Ballinger, S., Saveski, M., Walker, M. M., & Roy, D. K. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104565 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cortes, K. E., Fricke, H., Loeb, S., Song, D., & York, B. N. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102352 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the design of non-monetary incentives in schools
Riener, G., & Wagner, V. (2019) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2019.1586835 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hartinger, S. M., Mäusezahl, D., Jäggi, L., Aguilar, L., Alvarado, M., Castellanos, A., Bustamante, M. L. H., Hinckley, K., McCoy, D. C., Zhang, C., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/50371 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brunsek, A., Rodrigues, M., Sokolovic, N., Borairi, S., Janmohamed, Z., Jenkins, J. M., & Perlman, M. (2023) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2023.2274302 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Guarini, A., Sansavini, A., Suttora, C., Bortolotti, S., Fort, M., Iorio, D., Monfardini, C., & Bigoni, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137564 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Technologies were also used to help parents in promoting eating and physical activities (app, [19]) or children’s academic development (text-messaging program READY4K!, in 4-year-old children [20]).”
MethodEmotion Understanding and Regulation: Implications for Positive School Adjustment
Bardack, S., & Widen, S. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Mobilizing Parents at Home and at School: An Experiment on Primary Education in Angola
Maro, V. D., Leeffers, S., Serra, D., & Vicente, P. (2021) · Economic development and cultural change · doi:10.1086/722616 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“(2015) provided parents in Chicago schools with monetary incentives to attend Parent Academy sessions, while York et al. (2019) conveyed information conducive to better practices at home through text messages.”
BackgroundLight-touch design enhancements can boost parent engagement in math activities
Kuchirko, Y. A., Coskun, L. Z., Duch, H., et al. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106133 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Social Media Accompanying Reading Together: A SMART Approach to Promote Literacy Engagement
Olszewski, A., & Cullen-Conway, M. (2021) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2021.1902442 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effect of a parental mHealth resource on language outcomes in 4- to 5-year-old children
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The impact of brief information-based interventions on the home math environment
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The Application of Behavioral Economics to Teacher Professional Development
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Let’s Spend Time Together: Text Messaging Parents to Help Math-Anxious Students
Santana, M., Nussbaum, M., Claro, S., Piza, S., Imbarack, P., & Loeb, S. (2021) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc-2020-0272 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSupporting early childhood development remotely: Experimental evidence from SMS messages
Hernández-Agramonte, J. M., Namen, O., Näslund-Hadley, E. I., & Biehl, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103201 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Interventions Promoting Early Social-Emotional Development
Bigelow, K. M., Schnitz, A. G., & Carta, J. J. (2025) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1007/s43494-024-00148-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Children's Learning in a Mobile Media Environment: Policies, Practices, and Possibilities
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Using a Factorial Design to Maximize the Effectiveness of a Parental Text Messaging Intervention
Asher, C. A., Scherer, E., & Kim, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2021.2009073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Third, a subset of the studies attempts to reduce the complexity, or cognitive load, of parenting by breaking down parental education activities into several discrete components (Cabell et al., 2019; Doss et al., 2019; Hurwitz et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2019; Kraft & Monti-Nussbaum, 2017; York et al., 2018).”
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Blended Delivery of a Primary Care Parenting Program for Child Development
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Closing early math gaps by parental education with technology at home
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Characterizing Engagement Measures and Profiles in a Mobile Health Intervention, SMS4dads
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Crianza Positiva: Combining Group Workshops and E-Messages to Strengthen Parenting Competences
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The Latino School Readiness Gap: Engaging Families in Design Thinking for Primary Care Interventions
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- Authors
- York, B. N., Loeb, S., & Doss, C.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Human Resources
- Publisher
- University of Wisconsin Press
- Published
- 2018-01-04
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 537-566
- ISSN
- 0022-166X (ISSN-L)
- 1548-8004
- OpenAlex
- W1534687714
- Semantic Scholar
- 9501e487a11be910255d1e88326abf340230b249
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 48.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Human Resources (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
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