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Exosomes: a promising avenue for cancer diagnosis beyond treatment

Wang, Zhu, Wang, Qianqian, Qin, Feng, Chen, Jie·2024·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
DOI 10.3389/fcell.2024.1344705PMC PMC10900531
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Abstract

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their remarkable therapeutic potential. These nanoscale carriers can be harnessed for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, such as pharmaceuticals, proteins, and nucleic acids, across biological barriers. This versatile attribute of exosomes is a promising modality for precision medicine applications, notably in the realm of cancer therapy. However, despite their substantial therapeutic potential, exosomes still confront challenges tied to standardization and scalability that impede their practice in clinical applications. Moreover, heterogeneity in isolation methodologies and limited cargo loading mechanisms pose obstacles to ensuring consistent outcomes, thereby constraining their therapeutic utility. In contrast, exosomes exhibit a distinct advantage in cancer diagnosis, as they harbor specific signatures reflective of the tumor’s genetic and proteomic profile. This characteristic endows them with the potential to serve as valuable liquid biopsies for non-invasive and real-time monitoring, making possible early cancer detection for the development of personalized treatment strategies. In this review, we provide an extensive evaluation of the advancements in exosome research, critically examining their advantages and limitations in the context of cancer therapy and early diagnosis. Furthermore, we present a curated overview of the most recent technological innovations utilizing exosomes, with a focus on enhancing the efficacy of early cancer detection.

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FIGURE 1 Sketch of the activity and functions of the micro vehicles/exosome in vivo. (1) Cell-Cell Communication: Mediate intercellular communication by transporting essential molecules, fostering coordination in physiological processes. (2) Efficient Waste Removal: Serve as carriers for cellular waste removal, contributing to cellular cleanliness (e.g., apoptotic bodies) and overall tissue health. (3) Developmental Regulation and Tissue Repair: Regulate developmental processes and tissue repair by delivering signaling molecules (e.g., DNA, micro RNAs, and proteins) that influence cellular activities. (4) Immune Response Modulation: Actively modulate immune responses by conveying signals via targeting ligand and covalent linkage between immune cells and somatic cells, contributing to inflammation regulation and immune system balance.
FIGURE 1 Sketch of the activity and functions of the micro vehicles/exosome in vivo. (1) Cell-Cell Communication: Mediate intercellular communication by transporting essential molecules, fostering coordination in physiological processes. (2) Efficient Waste Removal: Serve as carriers for cellular waste removal, contributing to cellular cleanliness (e.g., apoptotic bodies) and overall tissue health. (3) Developmental Regulation and Tissue Repair: Regulate developmental processes and tissue repair by delivering signaling molecules (e.g., DNA, micro RNAs, and proteins) that influence cellular activities. (4) Immune Response Modulation: Actively modulate immune responses by conveying signals via targeting ligand and covalent linkage between immune cells and somatic cells, contributing to inflammation regulation and immune system balance.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 The exosome exerts multi-faceted biomedical potentials for human disease. Exosomes demonstrate a vast array of biomedical applications pertinent to human diseases affecting various organs throughout the body. These entities serve as pivotal biomarkers in diagnostic processes and hold considerable potential across multiple domains, including targeted drug delivery, immunomodulation, and tissue regeneration. As multifunctional agents, they are increasingly acknowledged as instrumental in driving forward the Frontier of innovative biomedical research, heralding a notable shift in the paradigms of disease detection and therapeutic strategies, as illustrated in the center panel. The inherent attributes of exosomes establish them as an emergent and significant field within biomedical research, poised to radically reshape methodologies in disease diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and the broader spectrum of healthcare practices.
FIGURE 2 The exosome exerts multi-faceted biomedical potentials for human disease. Exosomes demonstrate a vast array of biomedical applications pertinent to human diseases affecting various organs throughout the body. These entities serve as pivotal biomarkers in diagnostic processes and hold considerable potential across multiple domains, including targeted drug delivery, immunomodulation, and tissue regeneration. As multifunctional agents, they are increasingly acknowledged as instrumental in driving forward the Frontier of innovative biomedical research, heralding a notable shift in the paradigms of disease detection and therapeutic strategies, as illustrated in the center panel. The inherent attributes of exosomes establish them as an emergent and significant field within biomedical research, poised to radically reshape methodologies in disease diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and the broader spectrum of healthcare practices.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 The comparison of exosome on diagnosis versus treatment for clinical application. The exosome serves as a carrier for various contents that actively influence cellular function or provide real-time insights into the developmental processes of target cells. These attributes have demonstrated significant value in the realm of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, the direct utilization of exosomes as mediators for cancer treatment faces inherent limitations due to contemporary technical challenges, encompassing issues related to heterogeneity, scalability, and purity. These constraints impede the seamless translation of exosome-based therapies from laboratory research to clinical applications. In contrast, leveraging exosomes as sensors offers a promising alternative. By repurposing them into highly sensitive, easily accessible, accurate, and cost-effective tools, these challenges can be transformed into opportunities for detecting cancers. The incorporation of state-of-the-art diagnostic equipment facilitates a more expeditious and practical application of exosomes in cancer diagnosis compared to treatment methodologies.
FIGURE 3 The comparison of exosome on diagnosis versus treatment for clinical application. The exosome serves as a carrier for various contents that actively influence cellular function or provide real-time insights into the developmental processes of target cells. These attributes have demonstrated significant value in the realm of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, the direct utilization of exosomes as mediators for cancer treatment faces inherent limitations due to contemporary technical challenges, encompassing issues related to heterogeneity, scalability, and purity. These constraints impede the seamless translation of exosome-based therapies from laboratory research to clinical applications. In contrast, leveraging exosomes as sensors offers a promising alternative. By repurposing them into highly sensitive, easily accessible, accurate, and cost-effective tools, these challenges can be transformed into opportunities for detecting cancers. The incorporation of state-of-the-art diagnostic equipment facilitates a more expeditious and practical application of exosomes in cancer diagnosis compared to treatment methodologies.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Qin, F., & Chen, J.
Venue
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-02-13
Volume
12
ISSN
2296-634X
DOI
10.3389/fcell.2024.1344705
PMC
PMC10900531
Cited by
66
References
10
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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