An Inside Sun: Lickanantay Volcanology in the Salar de Atacama

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Some mountains communicate with the cosmos, with the above, and some others with the infra, with the below.

“We say that some mountains communicate with the cosmos, with the above, and some others with the infra, with the below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The territory was formed as one block and terraformed through time but never lost its harmony nor its subterranean equilibrium.

“When this territory was formed it was just one block.It terraformed through time but it never lost its harmony nor its subterranean equilibrium.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

El Tatio teaches how to harmonize our bodies because we are also constituted by those four elements.

“El Tatio then teaches us how to harmonize our bodies, because we are also constituted by those four elements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The universe that we see above is also below.

“The universe that we see above is also below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The inside Sun moves through us and is part of us; we have its magma in our bodies in the form of iron.

“Actually, the inside Sun moves through us, is a part of us.We have its magma in our bodies in the form of iron.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

El Tatio is a sacred place because it is an encounter of the four elements: fire, Earth, air, and puri.

“El Tatio is a sacred place because it is an encounter of the four elements: fire, Earth, air, and puri.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are three worlds: the world above, the human world, and the world beneath.

“This is why we talk about three worlds: the world above, the human world, and the world beneath.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is an inside Sun below the land that gives nature the needed energy to develop and create all ecological systems.

“So, as there is a sun above, there is an inside Sun, the one that exists below the land and that is able to give nature the needed energy to develop and create all the ecological systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The mission of the desert is to offer cold to the planet, to cool down the planet.

“The mission of the desert is to offer cold to the planet, to cool down the planet”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The sciences separate the territory into basins, mountain ranges, and aquifers, but they are interconnected from below.

“Today, the sciences separate the territory into basins, mountain ranges, and aquifers, but they are interconnected from below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The inside Sun prevents the desert from becoming dead land, gives adequate temperature, and creates equilibrium between the inbetween world and the cosmic sun.

“It is this inside Sun which prevents the desert from becoming dead land, which gives us an adequate temperature, and which creates an equilibrium between the inbetween world and the cosmic sun.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a constant interaction between the four elements: Earth, air, puri (water), and fire.

“From an ancestral perspective, there is a constant interaction between the four elements: Earth, air, puri, 7 and fire.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The fire element is an internal Sun, alive, situated in the bowels of the Earth.

“The fire element is an internal Sun, alive, situated in the bowels of the Earth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is a subterranean equilibrium because the inside Sun delivers its warmth, delivers life, and stitches the territory together.

“Because, there is the inside Sun delivering its warmth, delivering life, and stitching the territory together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The movements of the cosmic sun are replicated in the interior of the Earth, giving seismic dynamism as an indicator of Earth movements, of puri movements in the planet.

“We talk about the cosmic sun a lot, about its changes, waves, and explosions, but the same movements are being replicated in the interior of the Earth, which is giving us a seismic dynamism as an indicator of Earth movements, of puri movements in the planet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When we deharmonize a territory we also de-harmonize our bodies.

“When we deharmonize a territory we also de-harmonize our bodies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Today the desert is unable to fulfill its mission to cool the planet because it has been extremely intervened.

“but today the desert is unable to fulfill this mission because it has been extremely intervened.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

When nature is healthy, when the inside Sun is vibrant, we are healthy.

“So, when nature is healthy, when the inside Sun is vibrant, we are healthy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Volcanoes are unique beings because they connect the above and the inside Suns.

“Volcanoes are unique beings because they connect the above and the inside Suns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

When the inside Sun heats the Putana volcano and it manifests, Calama trembles.

“When the inside Sun heats the Putana volcano 15 and it manifests, Calama trembles.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inside Sun is a real entity that heats volcanoes and influences weather and water.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Thermophiles that abound in El Tatio are able to absorb arsenic from puri and offer drinkable water.

“Take the thermophiles that abound in El Tatio.They are able to absorb the arsenic from puri and offer us drinkable water, puri that is good for humans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When El Tatio was intervened, only fumes were visible and it was barren; now water is sprouting again.

“When El Tatio was intervened, you could only see the fumes, nothing else, barren.Now you can find water, again, sprouting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

El Tatio presents itself non-violently because there is harmony between the four elements, there is an equilibrium.

“There are other similar fields, but here, it presents itself non-violently because there is harmony between the four elements, there is an equilibrium.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

El Tatio was saved from geothermal intervention.

“This is what El Tatio teaches us and this is why it was saved from geothermal intervention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

El Tatio is usually seen from the perspective of tourism as a landscape, and not as a consciousness.

“El Tatio is usually seen from the perspective of tourism as a landscape, and not as a consciousness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many volcanoes are our maikos mayores, such as the Licancabur, who is a living being, peaceful and kind with his people.

“Many volcanoes are our maikos mayores,foot_5 such as the Licancabur who is a living being, peaceful and kind with his people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After an offering and apology to Putana, the volcano calmed, fumes decreased, and the weather changed.

“The Putana began to calm down, the fumes began to decrease, and the weather changed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Licancabur is in constant dialog with humans and allows for a harmonic living on the surface, in the intermediate world.

“He is in constant dialog with humans and allows for a harmonic living on the surface, in the intermediate world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

El Tatio is a very powerful energy field.

“El Tatio is a very powerful energy field.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Lickanantay people have inhabited the Salar de Atacama territory for at least 11,000 years.

“the Lickanantay people have inhabited for at least 11,000 years (Núñez, 1992)”

• cites Núñez, 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Indigenous knowledge is always principled, that is, normative and prescriptive.

“If some statements sound too politically charged, it is because Indigenous knowledge is always principled, that is, normative (oriented toward ethical and moral goals) and prescriptive (oriented toward informing conducts) (Teillier et al., 2018).”

• cites Teillier et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

From the perspective of Lickanantay knowledge, extractivism in the Salar affects the complex relational systems that connect humans, ancestors, and land, including surrounding volcanoes, rivers, and geothermal fields.

“From the perspective of Lickanantay knowledge, extractivism in the Salar affects the complex relational systems that connect humans, ancestors, and land-including surrounding volcanoes, rivers, and geothermal fields-in ways that Western science and policy-making are yet to fully appreciate.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Western science and policy-making are yet to fully appreciate the ways extractivism affects Lickanantay relational systems.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Volcanoes are both physical entities and beings with volition and the capacity to intermediate in ecological, meteorological, and social relations.

“From this vantage point, volcanoes are both physical entities and beings with volition and the capacity to intermediate in ecological, meteorological, and social relations (Juárez, 2012).”

• cites Juárez, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Lickanantay knowledge about volcano-land-human relations could be useful in water, land, and volcanic risk management.

“including knowledge about volcano-land-human relations that could be useful in water, land, and volcanic risk management.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The volcanology community has not been properly introduced to the ancestral knowledge articulated in the territory.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lickanantay knowledge is built upon different definitions of what a volcano is and how it is connected to other biophysical systems, including demarcations between nature and culture, volcanology and cosmology, and geology and spirituality.

“This knowledge is built upon different definitions of what a volcano is and how it is connected to other biophysical systems, actually to where lays the demarcation between nature and culture, volcanology and cosmology, and geology and spirituality”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

From a Lickanantay perspective, nature-whether puri, volcanoes, plants, animals, and all their relations-is alive, sentient, and generous, creating and giving life abundantly.

“from a Lickanantay perspective, nature-whether puri, volcanoes, plants, animals, and all their relations-is alive, sentient, and generous, creating and giving life abundantly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Lickanantay volcanology offers relevant insights that need to be considered if volcanology is to establish a respectful and caring relation with other knowledge in the CVZA.

“Lickanantay volcanology offers relevant insights that need to be considered if volcanology is to establish a respectful and caring relation with other knowledge in the CVZA”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Spirituality is a science, a proper scientific endeavor based on systematic methods, evidence, data contrasting, and purpose.

“Spirituality is a science, a proper scientific endeavor based on systematic methods, evidence, data contrasting, and purpose.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From a Lickanantay perspective, we are spirits in human disguises, and dissociating from that spirit is dissociating from our nature.

“From a Lickanantay perspective, we have to reckon, to start with, that we are spirits in human disguises, and when we dissociate ourselves from that spirit, we dissociate from what we are, from our nature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ancestrality is the real knowledge of nature, not pagan or folkloric as the West sees it.

“Ancestrality is not how the West sees it, as something pagan or folkloric.It is the real knowledge of nature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The most important contribution of Lickanantay volcanology is epistemological: it renders visible that volcanology needs to understand itself as an open field where different knowledge systems can meet to co-produce better sciences and policies.

“The most important contribution that Lickanantay volcanology has to offer, however, is epistemological.It renders visible that volcanology needs to understand itself as an open field in which different knowledge systems about volcanological dynamics can meet to co-produce better sciences and policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This demonstrates that puri is alive, intelligent, self-creating, and searching for the means for human survival.

“This demonstrates that puri is something alive, intelligent, self-creating, and searching for the means for human survival.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is possible to create a buen vivir, good relations between humans and nature.

“It is, however, possible to create a buen vivir, to create good relations between humans and nature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Lickancabur volcano is a water volcano because it attracts and creates water.

“He is lovely and peaceful, and he is a water volcano because he attracts and creates water.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Volcanology needs to integrate extractivism as a shaping geological stressor in its base lines and analyses, particularly for volcanic risk management.

“And that volcanology needs to integrate extractivism as a shaping geological stressor in its base lines and analyses, particularly for volcanic risk management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If El Tatio had been destroyed, we would not have the opportunity to witness those interactions.

“If El Tatio had been destroyed, we would not have that opportunity to witness those interactions.13”

• cites [13] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Ancestral people have always managed communication with volcanoes.

“It is this communication that ancestral people have always managed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Not everyone can see that El Tatio is a sacred place, not even some Indigenous communities, because there is an installed colonialism.

“Why? Because, there is an installed colonialism [colonialismo instalado].”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Lickanantay geological knowledge has been systematically denied.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

If we have survived in the desert, it is thanks to ancestral knowledge, integrality, and understanding the balance between the four elements.

“If we have survived in the desert, it is thanks to this ancestral knowledge, this work of integrality, this capacity to understand the balance between the four elements, and that we are part of them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

What is truly destructive is overwhelming intervention to rivers, bofedales, and aguadas, disconnecting the three worlds and leaving a barren Earth.

“What is truly destructive is the overwhelming intervention to rivers, bofedales (high altitude wetlands), and aguadas (springs), disconnecting the three worlds and leaving behind a barren Earth unable to contain and absorb which are otherwise natural expressions of volcanoes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

El Tatio is of paramount importance to think about and find responses to the changes the planet is living through.

“El Tatio is of paramount importance to think about-and find responses to-the changes that the planet is living through: the importance of understanding nature, how she protects us and gives us a buen vivir.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By understanding the hydro-Sun connections, the internal, the sub-world, and the below, we can have great responses for these times.

“By understanding the hydro-Sun connections, the internal, the sub-world, and the below, we can have great responses for these times”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Volcanoes are related to climates, temperatures, and waters.

“Volcanoes are much related to climates, temperatures, and waters.14”

• cites [14] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

From an ancestral perspective, volcanic risk management is not just about monitoring and evacuating; it is also about establishing good relations with volcanoes.

“Thus, volcanic risk management, from an ancestral perspective, is not just about monitoring and evacuating.It is also about establishing good relations with volcanoes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Lickanantay volcanology teaches that volcanoes need to be understood from a broader perspective, problematizing separations between volcanology and hydrogeology, ecological conservation, soil sciences, and climatology.

“Lickanantay volcanology teaches us that volcanoes need to be understood from a broader perspective, thus problematizing separations between volcanology and hydrogeology, ecological conservation, soil sciences, and climatology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Nature has the capacity to regenerate herself and create; she cannot be a dead being if she gives life.

“So, nature has the capacity and knows how to regenerate herself, how to create, she cannot be a dead being if she gives life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hazards, according to Lickanantay volcanology, are not related to eruptions or lahars, but due to the effect of extensive extractive operations on soils, waters, and social relations to land.

“Hazards, Lickanantay volcanology suggests, are not related to eruptions or lahars, but due to the effect of extensive extractive operations on soils, waters, and social relations to land.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

El Tatio is a sacred place where the inside Sun makes itself visible in its interactions with puri, the Earth, and the atmosphere.

“El Tatio, again, as a sacred place in which the inside Sun makes itself visible in its interactions with puri, the Earth, and the atmosphere, is of great importance.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inside Sun is a real entity that heats volcanoes and influences weather and water.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Western science is not offering any answers.

“And Western science is not offering any answers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Volcanoes warm the cold desert, providing the needed warmth for ecological growth and conservation.

“Volcanoes are in charge of warming the cold desert, hence providing the needed warmth for ecological growth and conservation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Buen vivir represents a fundamental philosophical pillar for Andean-Amazonian peoples by which there is an indissoluble and interdependent relationship between the universe, nature, and humanity that informs ethical and practical bases of development and society.

“It represents a fundamental philosophical pillar for Andean-Amazonian peoples by which there is an indissoluble and interdependent relationship between the universe, nature, and humanity that informs the ethical and practical bases of development and society(Acosta and Martínez, 2009).”

• cites Acosta and Martínez, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.