Cited by 740COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchDermatological and COVID-19 studies

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Immune Response, Inflammation, and the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19

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García, Luis F.·2020·Frontiers in Immunology

DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441PMC PMC7308593

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Abstract

The current COVID-19 pandemic began in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and rapidly extended to become a global sanitary and economic emergency. Its etiological agent is the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, which ranges from an asymptomatic infection to a severe pneumonia accompanied by multisystemic failure that can lead to a patient's death. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is known to involve all the components of the immune system that together appear responsible for viral elimination and recovery from the infection. Nonetheless, such immune responses are implicated in the disease's progression to a more severe and lethal process. This review describes the general aspects of both COVID-19 and its etiological agent SARS-CoV-2, stressing the similarities with other severe coronavirus infections, such as SARS and MERS, but more importantly, pointing toward the evidence supporting the hypothesis that the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is a consequence of the corresponding variable spectrum of the immune responses to the virus. The critical point where progression of the disease ensues appears to center on loss of the immune regulation between protective and altered responses due to exacerbation of the inflammatory components. Finally, it appears possible to delineate certain major challenges deserving of exhaustive investigation to further understand COVID-19 immunopathogenesis, thus helping to design more effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic strategies.

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2 retracted

Retraction Note to: SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion
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Retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion
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Authors: García, L. F.
Affiliations: Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
Corresponding author: García, Luis F.
ORCID: García, Luis F.
Venue: Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2020-06-16
Volume: 11
Pages: 1441-1441
ISSN: 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441
PMC: PMC7308593
OpenAlex: W3035895802
Cited by: 739
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 279 · 2020: 83
FWCI: 7.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Greater South Information System
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatological and COVID-19 studies
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, inflammation, clinical spectrum, immunopathogenesis, disease severity, SARS, MERS, immune regulation, coronavirus infection
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory, Inflammation, Macrophages, Pneumonia, Viral, T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Antibody-Dependent Enhancement, Pandemics

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