Immune Response, Inflammation, and the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884

Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China

Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

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Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel Coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 · Cited by 21,415

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286

Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia

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A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

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COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0 · Cited by 9,664

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897

Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein

Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., & Veesler, D. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956581 · Cited by 8,586

Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

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Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., et al. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994 · Cited by 8,249

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5 · Cited by 5,983

Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis

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The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2

Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 · Cited by 5,081

Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2

Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2762 · Cited by 5,036

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China

Qin, C., Zhou, L., Hu, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Tao, Y., Xie, C., Ma, K., Shang, K., Wang, W., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa248 · Cited by 4,775

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

Chen, G., Wu, D., Guo, W., Cao, Y., Huang, D., Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Yu, H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci137244 · Cited by 4,750

The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention

Tay, M. Z., Poh, C. M., Rénia, L., MacAry, P. A., & Ng, L. F. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 · Cited by 4,360

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., Sachs, D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026 · Cited by 4,222

Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., Ji, R., Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 · Cited by 4,206

Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study

Chen, T., Wu, D., Chen, H., Yan, W., Yang, D., Chen, G., Ma, K., Xu, D., Yu, H., Wang, H., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1091 · Cited by 3,903

Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Shang, J., Ye, G., Shi, K., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Aihara, H., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., & Li, F. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y · Cited by 3,661

Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Li, R., Pei, S., Chen, B., Song, Y., Zhang, T., Yang, W., & Shaman, J. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb3221 · Cited by 3,633

A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury

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Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses

Letko, M., Marzi, A., & Munster, V. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y · Cited by 3,109

Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV

Ou, X., Liu, Y., Lei, X., Li, P., Mi, D., Ren, L., Guo, L., Guo, R., Chen, T., Hu, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9 · Cited by 3,097

Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis

Chen, Y. Z., Liu, Q., & Guo, D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25681 · Cited by 3,069

Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study

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Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab

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Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Liao, M., Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Wen, Y., Xu, G., Zhao, J., Cheng, L., Li, J., Wang, X., Wang, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0901-9 · Cited by 2,614

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: Causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

Channappanavar, R., & Perlman, S. (2017) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x · Cited by 2,524

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure

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Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6019 · Cited by 2,392

Systematic review of COVID‐19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults

Ludvigsson, J. F. (2020) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15270 · Cited by 2,374

Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma

Shen, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, J., Wang, F., Li, D., Yang, M., Xing, L., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783 · Cited by 2,298

Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection

Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. (2020) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0 · Cited by 2,287

Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted

Fauci, A. S., Lane, H. C., & Redfield, R. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2002387 · Cited by 1,983

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

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Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients

Zheng, M., Gao, Y., Wang, G., Song, G., Liu, S., Sun, D., Xu, Y., & Tian, Z. (2020) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0402-2 · Cited by 1,768 · cited 5×

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

Tai, W., He, L., Zhang, X., Pu, J., Voronin, D., Jiang, S., Zhou, Y., & Du, L. (2020) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0400-4 · Cited by 1,654

CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells

Wang, K., Chen, W., Zhang, Z., Deng, Y., Lian, J., Du, P. F., Wei, D., Yang, Z., Sun, X., Gong, L., et al. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00426-x · Cited by 1,630

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients

Okba, N. M. A., Müller, M. A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Corman, V. M., Lamers, M. M., Sikkema, R. S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F. D., et al. (2020) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2607.200841 · Cited by 1,614

COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy

Cao, X. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3 · Cited by 1,609

Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Guo, L., Ren, L., Yang, S., Xiao, M., Chang, D., Yang, F., Cruz, C. S. D., Wang, Y., Wu, C., Xiao, Y., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa310 · Cited by 1,603

COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses

Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., Bucci, E. M., Piacentini, M., Ippolito, G., & Melino, G. (2020) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3 · Cited by 1,602

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial

Zhu, F.-C., Li, Y.-H., Guan, X.-H., Hou, L.-H., Wang, W.-J., Li, J.-X., Wu, S.-P., Wang, B.-S., Wang, Z., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31208-3 · Cited by 1,382

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

Zhou, Y., Fu, B., Zheng, X., Wang, D., Zhao, C., Qi, Y., Sun, R., Tian, Z., Xu, X., & Wei, H. (2020) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa041 · Cited by 1,295

SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging

Pedersen, S. F., & Ho, Y.-C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci137647 · Cited by 1,137

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report

Amanat, F., & Krammer, F. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.007 · Cited by 1,120

Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients

Xiong, Y., Liu, Y., Cao, L., Wang, D., Guo, M., Jiang, A., Guo, D., Hu, W., Yang, J., Tang, Z., et al. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1747363 · Cited by 1,076

Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity

Shaw, A. C., Goldstein, D. R., & Montgomery, R. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3547 · Cited by 1,061

Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19

Chen, L., Xiong, J., Bao, L., & Shi, Y. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30141-9 · Cited by 1,038

A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

Huang, A. T., Garcia-Carreras, B., Hitchings, M. D. T., Yang, B., Katzelnick, L. C., Rattigan, S. M., Borgert, B. A., Moreno, C. A., Solomon, B. D., Trimmer-Smith, L., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4 · Cited by 1,026

A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

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Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19

Thevarajan, I., Nguyen, T. H. O., Koutsakos, M., Druce, J. D., Caly, L., van de Sandt, C. E., Jia, X., Nicholson, S. R., Catton, M. C., Cowie, B., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0819-2 · Cited by 993

Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients

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Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia

Lin, L., Lu, L., Cao, W., & Li, T. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1746199 · Cited by 922

A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2

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Interleukin‐6 in Covid‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Coomes, E. A., & Haghbayan, H. (2020) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2141 · Cited by 914

Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction.

Fung, T. S., & Liu, D. X. (2019) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759 · Cited by 907

The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19

Casadevall, A., & Pirofski, L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci138003 · Cited by 904

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, ChinaPreprint

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Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV

Chen, Y., Guo, Y., Pan, Y., & Zhao, Z. J. (2020) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.071 · Cited by 825

COVID-19: a new virus, but a familiar receptor and cytokine release syndrome

Hirano, T., & Murakami, M. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.003 · Cited by 772

The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China

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SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike proteinPreprint

Wang, K., Chen, W., Zhou, Y., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.988345 · Cited by 698

Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS‐CoV‐2

Liu, Z., Xiao, X., Wei, X., Li, J., Yang, J., Tan, H., Zhu, J., Zhang, Q., Wu, J., & Liu, L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25726 · Cited by 697

COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options

Felsenstein, S., Herbert, J. A., McNamara, P. S., & Hedrich, C. M. (2020) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448 · Cited by 687

Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry

Wan, Y., Shang, J., Sun, S., Tai, W., Chen, J., Geng, Q., He, L., Chen, Y., Wu, J., Shi, Z., et al. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02015-19 · Cited by 673

Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Chu, H., Chan, J. F., Wang, Y., Yuen, T. T., Chai, Y., Hou, Y., Shuai, H., Yang, D., Hu, B., Huang, X., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa410 · Cited by 659

Distinct Patterns of IFITM-Mediated Restriction of Filoviruses, SARS Coronavirus, and Influenza A Virus

Huang, I., Bailey, C. C., Weyer, J. L., Radoshitzky, S. R., Becker, M. M., Chiang, J. J., Brass, A. L., Ahmed, A. A., Chī, X., Dŏng, L., et al. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001258 · Cited by 627

Emerging COVID-19 coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26

Vankadari, N., & Wilce, M. C. J. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1739565 · Cited by 588

Spatial map of human T cell compartmentalization and maintenance over decades of life

Thome, J. J. C., Yudanin, N., Ohmura, Y., Kubota, M., Grinshpun, B., Sathaliyawala, T., Kato, T., Lerner, H., Shen, Y., & Farber, D. L. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.026 · Cited by 587

Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP)

Wan, S., Yi, Q., Fan, S., Lv, J., Zhang, X., Guo, L., Lang, C., Xiao, Q., Xiao, K., Yi, Z., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832 · Cited by 562

Genomic Diversity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Coronavirus 2 in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

Shen, Z., Xiao, Y., Kang, L., Ma, W., Shi, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, Z., Yang, J., Zhong, J., Yang, D., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa203 · Cited by 513

Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19

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The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19

Iwasaki, A., & Yang, Y.-X. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0321-6 · Cited by 510

Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS

Dandekar, A. A., & Perlman, S. M. (2005) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1732 · Cited by 503

The role of interleukin‐6 in monitoring severe case of coronavirus disease 2019

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Lack of Peripheral Memory B Cell Responses in Recovered Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study

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pH-Dependent Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Is Mediated by the Spike Glycoprotein and Enhanced by Dendritic Cell Transfer through DC-SIGN

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Key residues of the receptor binding motif in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 that interact with ACE2 and neutralizing antibodies

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Histopathologic Changes and SARS-CoV-2 Immunostaining in the Lung of a Patient With COVID-19

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SARS-Coronavirus Open Reading Frame-9b Suppresses Innate Immunity by Targeting Mitochondria and the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 Signalosome

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Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses?

Tetro, J. A. (2020) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.006 · Cited by 439

Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses

Wang, N., Shang, J., Jiang, S., & Du, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00298 · Cited by 434

Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2

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Double-Stranded RNA Sensors and Modulators in Innate Immunity

Hur, S. (2019) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041356 · Cited by 420

Senescence-associated inflammatory responses: aging and cancer perspectives

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Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine

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Discovery of Bat Coronaviruses through Surveillance and Probe Capture-Based Next-Generation Sequencing

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Disruption of the CCL5/RANTES-CCR5 Pathway Restores Immune Homeostasis and Reduces Plasma Viral Load in Critical COVID-19Preprint

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Weak Induction of Interferon Expression by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Supports Clinical Trials of Interferon-λ to Treat Early Coronavirus Disease 2019

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ACE2 Gene Polymorphisms Do Not Affect Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

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The ER stress sensor IRE1 and MAP kinase ERK modulate autophagy induction in cells infected with coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

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A Glimpse Into the Origins of Genetic Diversity in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

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COVID-19: Inflammatory Profile

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