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Cited by 230SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesVaccine Coverage and Hesitancy

Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Sharif, Nadim, Alzahrani, Khalid J., Ahmed, Shamsun Nahar, Dey, Shuvra Kanti·2021·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714170PMC PMC8542872
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Abstract

There is a significant research gap in meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This study analyzed the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Published phase I, phase II, and phase III trials analyzing safety and immunogenicity and phase III randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines were included. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and The Lancet for published articles evaluating the relative reduction in COVID-19 risk after vaccination. Selected literatures were published between December 15, 2019 and May 15, 2021 on the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines. This meta-analysis included studies that confirmed cases of COVID-19 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This study detected 8,926 eligible research articles published on COVID-19 vaccines. Of these, 25 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the selected articles, 19 randomized clinical trials, 2 non-randomized clinical trials, and 3 observational studies were analyzed. Seven (28%) studies were included in the meta-analysis. The efficacy of the adenovirus vector vaccine was 73% (95% CI = 69–77) and that of the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine was 85% (95% CI = 82–88) in participants aged ≥18 years. There are no reports of clinical trials in participants aged under 16 years. The production of neutralizing antibodies against receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in >90% of the vaccinated samples was reported within 0–30 days of the first or the second dose of the vaccine. Pain at the injection site was the most common local symptom in people receiving mRNA vaccines (29%–85% of participants). Fever (0.2%–95%) was the most prevalent in people receiving adenovirus vector vaccines, and fatigue (8.4%–55%) was the most common side effect in people receiving the mRNA vaccines. Studies suggest that mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines can provide moderate to high protection against COVID-19 infection in people over 18 years. Evidence of the long-term protection of the vaccines in people aged under 16 years against the multiple variants of COVID-19 are limited. This study will provide an integrated evaluation on the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccines.

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  • Plenty of articles have demonstrated the efficacy of two-dose vaccination and additional boosters in reducing mortality and severe cases.

    “As plenty of articles have demonstrated the efficacy of two-dose vaccination and additional boosters in reducing mortality and severe cases [13,14,35-37]”

    From Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]

    Table 2 (Discussion; page unavailable) summarizes efficacy studies of two-dose vaccines, and Figure 2 describes the measured outcome as COVID-19 cases. The cited paper therefore supports two-dose vaccination efficacy against COVID-19, but it does not establish reductions in mortality or severe cases, or evaluate additional booster doses. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • COVID-19 vaccination is a safe and effective measure to prevent the severe progression of COVID-19.

    “Since vaccination is a safe and effective measure to prevent the severe progression of COVID-19 [12-14]”

    From Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sharif, N., Alzahrani, K. J., Ahmed, S. N., & Dey, S. K.
Affiliations
  • Jahangirnagar University (BD)
  • Taif University (SA)
Corresponding author
Dey, Shuvra Kanti
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-10-11
Volume
12
Pages
714170-714170
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2021.714170
PMC
PMC8542872
OpenAlex
W3207803539
Cited by
230
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 4
FWCI
5.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
Taif University (TURSP-2020, TURSP-2020/128)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Keywords
COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine efficacy, vaccine safety, immunogenicity, adenovirus vector vaccine, mRNA vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibodies, receptor binding domain, vaccine side effects, long-term vaccine protection, children and adolescents, SARS-CoV-2 variants, randomized controlled trials, observational studies
MeSH terms
Immunogenicity, Vaccine, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Middle Aged, Pain, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing

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