Cited by 12Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityAquaculture disease management and microbiotaMicrobial infections and disease research

Assessment of the safety and efficacy of an oral probiotic-based vaccine against Aspergillus infection in captive-bred Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)

Open access
Thorel, Milan, Mateos-Hernandez, Lourdes, Mulot, Baptiste, Azzouni, Mouna Naila, Hodžić, Adnan, Gaillot, Hugues, Ruel, Yannick, Desoubeaux, Guillaume +8 more·2022·Frontiers in Immunology

Abstract

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus that often results in respiratory disease in birds. Aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in captive-bred penguin species. Currently, there is no registered vaccine to prevent aspergillosis. Recent research demonstrated that oral administration of gram-negative bacteria expressing high levels of galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) modulates anti-α-Gal immunity and protects turkeys from clinical aspergillosis caused by experimental A. fumigatus infection. The role of anti-α-Gal immunity in penguins has not been studied. Here, we tested the distribution of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) genes in the fecal microbiome of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). The occurrence of natural anti-α-Gal antibodies (Abs) in sera and eggs of healthy Humboldt penguins was also assessed. A trial was then conducted to test whether oral administration of Escherichia coli Nissle, expressing high α-Gal levels, modulates anti-α-Gal immunity in a colony of Humboldt penguins. Animals in the vaccination and placebo groups were evaluated before the trial and followed for one year for aspergillosis detection using a diagnostic panel including computed tomography scans, capillary zone electrophoresis, 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, and anti-A. fumigatus Abs. Anti-α-Gal Abs were detected in sera (IgM and IgY) and eggs (IgY) of healthy penguins. Microbiota analysis and functional predictions revealed the presence of α1,3GT genes in the microbiota of Humboldt penguins and other penguin species. A strong decrease in anti-α-Gal IgM levels was observed in all animals in the placebo group three months after vaccination protocol. This decrease was not observed in E. coli Nissle-treated penguins. After the vaccination protocol, we found a positive correlation between anti-E. coli IgY and anti-α-Gal IgY in the E. coli Nissle group, suggesting a correlation between the presence of the bacteria and these Abs. During the study period, three penguins exhibited respiratory signs consistent with aspergillosis. Two were from the placebo group whose symptoms resolved with specific treatments, while a single vaccinated individual developed fatal respiratory aspergillosis eight months after the trial. We conclude that E. coli Nissle represents a safe potential probiotic with a protective effect against aspergillosis in Humboldt penguins that deserves to be further explored for therapeutic uses in these animals.

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  • New technologies such as diagnosis with image analysis, plasma biomarkers, and probiotic-based vaccination might be useful in reducing the incidence of aspergillosis among penguins.

    “New technologies, such as diagnosis with image analysis [25,27], plasma biomarkers [38], and probiotic-based vaccination [39], might be useful in reducing the incidence of aspergillosis among penguins.”

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  1. [4]Redig PT. Avian Aspergillosis. In: Fowler ME, editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy 3 in Philadelphia. PA, USA: WB Saunders (1993). p. 178– 218.
  2. [10]Thompson R Wolf T Rasmussen J. Aspergillosis in African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus). In: Understanding Diagnostic Criteria, Treatment, and Prophylaxis. In Proceedings of the IAAAM Conference. San Francisco, USA (2013).
  3. [59]Meredith A. Prophylactic Administration of Itraconazole for the Control of Aspergillosis in Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis Papua)s. In: The 4th Conference of the European Committee of the Association of Avian Veterinarians. London, UK (1997) p. 227s.
  4. [86]Kostka V Janeczek F. Diagnostic of Protein Electrophoresis in Large Psittacines - A Review of 30 Cases. In: Proceedings of the 1st ICARE Conference. Wiesbaden, Germany (2013).

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Authors
Thorel, M., Mateos-Hernandez, L., Mulot, B., Azzouni, M. N., Hodžić, A., Gaillot, H., Ruel, Y., Desoubeaux, G., Delaye, J.-B., Obregon, D., Wu-Chuang, A., de la Fuente, J., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Risco-Castillo, V., Leclerc, A., & Cabezas-Cruz, A.
Affiliations
  • École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (FR)
  • University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours (FR)
Corresponding author
Thorel, Milan
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2022-05-13
Volume
13
Pages
897223-897223
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4280504666
Cited by
11
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5
FWCI
1.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • RUIdeRA - Institutional University Repository (University of Castilla-La Mancha) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Keywords
aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Humboldt penguin, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, Escherichia coli Nissle, fecal microbiota, captive-bred birds, respiratory diseases, vaccine safety and efficacy, anti-Aspergillus antibodies
MeSH terms
Animals, Aspergillosis, Escherichia coli, Galactose, Immunoglobulin M, Vaccines, Probiotics, Spheniscidae

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