Gene network centrality analysis identifies key regulators coordinating day-night metabolic transitions in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 despite limited accuracy in predicting direct regulator-gene interactions
Open accessAbstract
Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is a model organism for studying circadian regulation and bioproduction, where precise temporal control of metabolism significantly impacts photosynthetic efficiency and CO 2 -to-bioproduct conversion. Despite extensive research on core clock components, our understanding of the broader regulatory network orchestrating genome-wide metabolic transitions remains incomplete. We address this gap by applying machine learning tools and network analysis to investigate the transcriptional architecture governing circadian-controlled gene expression. While our approach showed moderate accuracy in predicting individual transcription factor-gene interactions - a common challenge with real expression data - network-level topological analysis successfully revealed the organizational principles of circadian regulation. Our analysis identified distinct regulatory modules coordinating day-night metabolic transitions, with photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism controlled by day-phase regulators, while nighttime modules orchestrate glycogen mobilization and redox metabolism. Through network centrality analysis, we identified potentially significant but previously understudied transcriptional regulators: HimA as a putative DNA architecture regulator, and TetR and SrrB as potential coordinators of nighttime metabolism, working alongside established global regulators RpaA and RpaB. This work demonstrates how network-level analysis can extract biologically meaningful insights despite limitations in predicting direct regulatory interactions. The regulatory principles uncovered here advance our understanding of how cyanobacteria coordinate complex metabolic transitions and may inform metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced photosynthetic bioproduction from CO 2 .
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S. elongatus PCC 7942 has a well-characterised circadian clock system, which regulates a variety of physiological processes, including photosynthesis, metabolism, and cell division.
“One of the most significant features of S. elongatus PCC 7942 is its well-characterised circadian clock system, which regulates a variety of physiological processes, including photosynthesis, metabolism, and cell division.”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The Introduction describes S. elongatus PCC 7942 as a model for circadian regulation and says circadian control affects photosynthesis and day–night metabolism. The Results also refer to its well-characterized circadian rhythms. Our copy does not say that the clock regulates cell division (searched: “cell division” and “division”), so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEndogenous circadian regulation in S. elongatus PCC 7942 can affect the timing and efficiency of engineered metabolic pathways.
“From a biotechnological standpoint, this endogenous circadian regulation has also garnered interest in the metabolic engineering, as it can affect the timing and efficiency of engineered metabolic pathways [62].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
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Ribosome Profiling of Synechocystis Reveals Altered Ribosome Allocation at Carbon Starvation
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Fast and accurate inference of gene regulatory networks through robust precision matrix estimation
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Assessing regulatory features of the current transcriptional network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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A nitrogen stress-inducible small RNA regulates CO2 fixation in Nostoc
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Self-citationPrediction of DNA-Binding Transcription Factors in Bacteria and Archaea Genomes
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Self-citationEnhancing gene regulatory networks inference through hub-based data integration
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Correlations reveal the hierarchical organization of biological networks with latent variables
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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Sorted by citations
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Self-citationJohnson, C., Johnson, Z., Mackey, L. S., Li, X., Sadler, N., Zhang, T., Qian, W., Bohutskyi, P., Feng, S., & Cheung, M. S. (2025) · PRX Life · doi:10.1103/l2dp-kw2t · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationInterfacing solar energy with bacterial metabolism for sustainable chemical synthesis
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From photosynthetic electron flow to gene regulation: redox signal transduction in cyanobacteria
Johnson, Z., Yang, B., & Bohutskyi, P. (2026) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuag030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationModular cyanobacterial regulatory architecture enables dynamic graded responses to oxidative stressPreprint
Johnson, Z., Sadler, N., García-Jiménez, M. G., Gilliam, A., Hill, E. A., Qian, W., Cheung, M. S., & Bohutskyi, P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665879 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, Z., Sadler, N., Garcia, M., Li, X., Rozum, J. C., Anderson, L. N., Zhang, T., Feng, S., Qian, W., Cheung, M. S., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718746 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWalshe, J., & Saha, S. K. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48060638 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“From a biotechnological standpoint, this endogenous circadian regulation has also garnered interest in the metabolic engineering, as it can affect the timing and efficiency of engineered metabolic pathways [62].”
Jakkula, B. K., & Shyam, P. (2026) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.109012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Keerthi, G. M., Mallikarjuna, M. G., Lohithaswa, H. C., Kumar, M. B. A., Jha, S. K., Mudhale, A., Bisht, D. S., & Chinnusamy, V. (2026) · Functional Plant Biology · doi:10.1071/fp26030
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Johnson, Z., Anderson, D., Cheung, M. S., & Bohutskyi, P.
- Affiliations
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bohutskyi, Pavlo
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2025-03-26
- Volume
- 16
- Pages
- 1569559-1569559
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11979508
- OpenAlex
- W4408843983
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC05–76RL01830, 76RL01830, AC05-76RL01830)
- Battelle (AC05-76RL01830, DE- AC05-76RL01830, DE-AC05, 76RL01830)
- Office of Science (DE‐AC05‐76 RL01830)
- Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists (DE-AC05-76RL01830)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (DEAC0576RL01830, 76RL01830, AC05-76RL01830)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, circadian regulation, gene regulatory networks, network centrality, transcription factors, HIMA, TetR, photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, glycogen mobilization, redox metabolism, cyanobacteria, CO2 conversion
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