Not Just Nonspecific Factors: The Roles of Alliance and Expectancy in Treatment, and Their Neurobiological Underpinnings
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Therapeutic alliance provides expectancy and hope for change and fosters fortitude to confront problems through treatment.
“It provides expectancy and hope for change and fosters the fortitude to confront the problems through treatment [80–83].”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.
Bordin, E. S. (1979) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0085885 · Cited by 5,238 · see citing works
Alliance in individual psychotherapy
Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022186 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change
Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356 · Cited by 2,056 · see citing works
The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis
Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000172 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation
Wager, T. D., Davidson, M. L., Hughes, B. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.006 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Iacoboni, M. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1611 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Components of placebo effect: randomised controlled trial in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Kaptchuk, T. J., Kelley, J. M., Conboy, L. A., Davis, R. B., Kerr, C. E., Jacobson, E. E., Kirsch, I., Schyner, R. N., Nam, B. H., Nguyen, L. T., et al. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39524.439618.25 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Some implicit common factors in diverse methods of psychotherapy.
Rosenzweig, S. (1936) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1936.tb05248.x · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression.
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review.
Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., & Barber, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018912 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective.
Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0034332 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Zilcha-Mano, S. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040435 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationFurukawa, T. A., Cipriani, A., Atkinson, L. Z., Leucht, S., Ogawa, Y., Takeshima, N., Hayasaka, Y., Chaimani, A., & Salanti, G. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30307-8 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Common versus specific factors in psychotherapy: opening the black box
Mulder, R., Murray, G., & Rucklidge, J. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30100-1 · Cited by 198 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Accumulating studies have established that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical to the cognitive regulation of emotion, particularly the dorsolateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (DLPFC, VLPFC and VMPFC; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 59
- Aizenstein H. J. Andreescu C. Edelman K. L. Cochran J. L. Price J. Butters M. A. (2011). fMRI correlates of white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 1075– 1082. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10060853 21799066 PMC3656408 · DOI
- Andrusyna T. P. Luborsky L. Pham T. Tang T. Z. (2006). The mechanisms of sudden gains in supportive-expressive therapy for depression. Psychother. Res. 16, 526– 536. 10.1080/10503300600591379 · DOI
- Arce E. Simmons A. N. Lovero K. L. Stein M. B. Paulus M. P. (2008). Escitalopram effects on insula and amygdala BOLD activation during emotional processing. Psychopharmacol 196, 661– 672. 10.1007/s00213-007-1004-8 18058090 PMC2839135 · DOI · Paper page
- Barber J. P. Foltz C. DeRubeis R. J. Landis J. R. (2002). Consistency of interpersonal themes in narratives about relationships. Psychother. Res. 12, 139– 159. 10.1093/ptr/12.2.139 · DOI
- Brown S. L. Brown R. M. (2015). Connecting prosocial behavior to improved physical health: contributions from the neurobiology of parenting. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 55, 1– 17. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004 25907371 · DOI
- Castonguay L. G. Constantino M. J. McAleavey A. A. Goldfried M. R. (2010). “ The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy,” in The Terapeutic Alliance an Evidence-Based Guide to Practice, eds Muran J. C. Barber J. P. (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 150– 171.
- Cattaneo L. Rizzolatti G. (2009). The mirror neuron system. Arch. Neurol. 66, 557– 560. 10.1001/archneurol.2009.41 19433654 · DOI · Paper page
- Childs E. Van Dam N. T. de Wit H. (2010). Effects of acute progesterone administration upon responses to acute psychosocial stress in men. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 18, 78– 86. 10.1037/a0018060 20158297 PMC4351805 · DOI
- Chiu P. H. Deldin P. J. (2007). Neural evidence for enhanced error detection in major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 608– 616. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.608 17403974 · DOI
- Constantino M. J. (2012). Believing is seeing: an evolving research program on patients’ psychotherapy expectations. Psychother. Res. 22, 127– 138. 10.1080/10503307.2012.663512 22469008 · DOI
- Constantino M. J. Vîslă A. Coyne A. E. Boswell J. F. (2018). A meta-analysis of the association between patients’ early treatment outcome expectation and their posttreatment outcomes. Psychotherapy 55, 473– 485. 10.1037/pst0000169 30335459 · DOI
- DeRubeis R. J. Brotman M. A. Gibbons C. J. (2005). A conceptual and methodological analysis of the nonspecifics argument. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 12, 174– 183. 10.1093/clipsy.bpi022 · DOI · Paper page
- Falkenström F. Granström F. Holmqvist R. (2013). Therapeutic alliance predicts symptomatic improvement session by session. J. Couns. Psychol. 60, 317– 328. 10.1037/a0032258 23506511 · DOI
- Falkenström F. Josefsson A. Berggren T. Holmqvist R. (2016). How much therapy is enough? Comparing dose-effect and good-enough models in two different settings. Psychother. Chic. 53, 130– 139. 10.1037/pst0000039 26928273 · DOI
- Fu C. H. Y. Williams S. C. R. Cleare A. J. Brammer M. J. Walsh N. D. Kim J.. (2004). Attenuation of the neural response to sad faces in major depression by antidepressant treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61, 877– 889. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.877 15351766 · DOI · Paper page
- Gallese V. Fadiga L. Fogassi L. Rizzolatti G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119, 593– 609. 10.1093/brain/119.2.593 8800951 · DOI · Paper page
- Haggerty G. Hilsenroth M. J. Vala-Stewart R. (2009). Attachment and interpersonal distress: examining the relationship between attachment styles and interpersonal problems in a clinical population. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 16, 1– 9. 10.1002/cpp.596 19165810 · DOI
- Hamilton M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23, 56– 62. 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 14399272 PMC495331 · DOI · Paper page
- Hatcher R. L. Barends A. W. (2006). How a return to theory could help alliance research. Psychotherapy 43, 292– 299. 10.1037/0033-3204.43.3.292 22122100 · DOI
- Hoffart A. Øktedalen T. Langkaas T. F. Wampold B. E. (2013). Alliance and outcome in varying imagery procedures for PTSd: a study of within-person processes. J. Couns. Psychol. 60, 471– 482. 10.1037/a0033604 23957768 · DOI
- Iacoboni M. Dapretto M. (2006). The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 942– 951. 10.1038/nrn2024 17115076 · DOI
- Kelley J. M. Lembo A. J. Ablon J. S. Villanueva J. J. Conboy L. A. Levy R.. (2009). Patient and practitioner influences on the placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom. Med. 71, 789– 797. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181acee12 19661195 PMC2818141 · DOI · Paper page
- Kramer U. Stiles W. B. (2015). The responsiveness problem in psychotherapy: a review of proposed solutions. Clin. Psychol. 22, 277– 295. 10.1111/cpsp.12107 · DOI
- Le Bel R. M. Pineda J. A. Sharma A. (2009). Motor-auditory-visual integration: the role of the human mirror neuron system in communication and communication disorders. J. Commun. Disord. 42, 299– 304. 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.03.011 19419735 PMC2770869 · DOI
- Meuret A. E. Trueba A. F. Abelson J. L. Liberzon I. Auchus R. Bhaskara L.. (2015). High cortisol awakening response and cortisol levels moderate exposure-based psychotherapy success. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51, 331– 340. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.008 25462905 · DOI
- Ochsner K. N. Gross J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 242– 249. 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 15866151 · DOI · Paper page
- O’Brien J. Ames D. Chiu E. Schweitzer I. Desmond P. Tress B. (1998). Severe deep white matter lesions and outcome in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: follow up study. BMJ 317, 982– 984. 10.1136/bmj.317.7164.982 9765166 PMC28682 · DOI
- O’Doherty J. P. Deichmann R. Critchley H. D. Dolan R. J. (2002). Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 33, 815– 826. 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00603-7 11879657 · DOI · Paper page
- Papakostas G. I. Fava M. (2009). Does the probability of receiving placebo influence clinical trial outcome? A meta-regression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials in MDD. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 19, 34– 40. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.08.009 18823760 · DOI
- Peciña M. Stohler C. S. Zubieta J.-K. (2014). Neurobiology of placebo effects: expectations or learning? Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci. 9, 1013– 1021. 10.1093/scan/nst079 23887819 PMC4090967 · DOI
- Posternak M. A. Zimmerman M. (2007). Therapeutic effect of follow-up assessments on antidepressant and placebo response rates in antidepressant efficacy trials: meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 190, 287– 292. 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.028555 17401033 · DOI
- Rutherford B. R. Sneed J. R. Roose S. P. (2009). Does study design influence outcome? The effects of placebo control and treatment duration in antidepressant trials. Psychother. Psychosom. 78, 172– 181. 10.1159/000209348 19321970 PMC3785090 · DOI
- Rutherford B. R. Marcus S. M. Wang P. Sneed J. R. Pelton G. Devanand D.. (2013). A randomized, prospective pilot study of patient expectancy and antidepressant outcome. Psychol. Med. 43, 975– 982. 10.1017/s0033291712001882 22971472 PMC3594112 · DOI
- Rutherford B. R. Roose S. P. (2013). A model of placebo response in antidepressant clinical trials. Am. J. Psychiatry 170, 723– 733. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12040474 23318413 PMC3628961 · DOI · Paper page
- Rutherford B. R. Tandler J. Brown P. J. Sneed J. R. Roose S. P. (2014). Clinic visits in late-life depression trials: effects on signal detection and therapeutic outcome. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 22, 1452– 1461. 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.09.003 24200597 PMC4009389 · DOI
- Rutherford B. R. Taylor W. D. Brown P. J. Sneed J. R. Roose S. P. (2017a). Biological aging and the future of geriatric psychiatry. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 72, 343– 352. 10.1093/gerona/glw241 27994004 PMC6433424 · DOI
- Rutherford B. R. Wall M. M. Brown P. J. Choo T.-H. Wager T. D. Peterson B. S.. (2017b). Patient expectancy as a mediator of placebo effects in antidepressant clinical trials. Am. J. Psychiatry 174, 135– 142. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020225 27609242 PMC5288269 · DOI · Paper page
- Safran J. D. Muran J. C. (2000). Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance: A Relational Treatment Guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Schafer S. M. Geuter S. Wager T. D. (2018). Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: a dual-process model informed by insights from cross-species comparisons. Prog. Neurobiol. 160, 101– 122. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.008 29108801 PMC5747994 · DOI
- Simpson S. W. Jackson A. Baldwin R. C. Burns A. (1997). Subcortical hyperintensities in late-life depression: acute response to treatment and neuropsychological impairment. Int. Psychogeriatr. 9, 257– 275. 10.1017/S1041610297004432 9513027 · DOI · Paper page
- Sotsky S. M. Glass D. R. Shea M. T. Pilkonis P. A. Collins J. F. Elkin I.. (1991). Patient predictors of response to psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: findings in the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. Am. J. Psychiatry 148, 997– 1008. 10.1176/ajp.148.8.997 1853989 · DOI · Paper page
- Stiles W. B. (2013). The variables problem and progress in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy 50, 33– 41. 10.1037/a0030569 23505979 · DOI
- Totura C. M. W. Fields S. A. Karver M. S. (2017). The role of the therapeutic relationship in psychopharmacological treatment outcomes: a meta-analytic review. Psychiatr. Serv. 69, 41– 47. 10.1176/appi.ps.201700114 28945182 · DOI · Paper page
- Vallance A. K. (2007). A systematic review comparing the functional neuroanatomy of patients with depression who respond to placebo to those who recover spontaneously: is there a biological basis for the placebo effect in depression? J. Affect. Disord. 98, 177– 185. 10.1016/j.jad.2006.07.011 16952398 · DOI
- Vîslă A. Constantino M. J. Newkirk K. Ogrodniczuk J. S. Söchting I. (2018). The relation between outcome expectation, therapeutic alliance and outcome among depressed patients in group cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychother. Res. 28, 446– 456. 10.1080/10503307.2016.1218089 27494662 · DOI
- Wager T. D. Rilling J. K. Smith E. E. Sokolik A. Casey K. L. Davidson R. J.. (2004). Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science 303, 1162– 1167. 10.1126/science.1093065 14976306 · DOI · Paper page
- Wang L. P. Maxwell S. E. (2015). On disaggregating between-person and within-person effects with longitudinal data using multilevel models. Psychol. Methods 20, 63– 83. 10.1037/met0000030 25822206 · DOI
- Westra H. A. Constantino M. J. Arkowitz H. Dozois D. J. A. (2011). Therapist differences in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Psychotherapy 48, 283– 292. 10.1037/a0022011 21688930 · DOI
- Yoo S. K. Hong S. Sohn N. O’Brien K. M. (2014). Working alliance as a mediator and moderator between expectations for counseling success and counseling outcome among Korean clients. Asia Pacific Edu. Rev. 15, 271– 281. 10.1007/s12564-014-9320-2 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. (2016). New analytic strategies help answer the controversial question of whether alliance is therapeutic in itself. World Psychiatry 15, 84– 85. 10.1002/wps.20305 26833618 PMC4780299 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Brown P. Roose S. P. Cappetta K. Rutherford B. R. (2018a). Optimizing patient expectancy in the pharmacologic treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychol. Med. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1017/s0033291718003343 30420001 · DOI · Paper page
- Zilcha-Mano S. Porat Y. Dolev T. Shamay-Tsoory S. (2018b). Oxytocin as a neurobiological marker of ruptures in the working alliance. Letter to the Editor reporting empirical study. Psychother. Psychosom. 87, 126– 127. 10.1159/000487190 29510397 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Dinger U. McCarthy K. S. Barber J. P. (2014). Does alliance predict symptoms throughout treatment, or is it the other way around? J. Couns. Psychol. 82, 931– 935. 10.1037/a0035141 24274627 PMC4032804 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Errázuriz P. (2015). One size does not fit all: examining heterogeneity and identifying moderators of the alliance-outcome association. J. Couns. Psychol. 62, 579– 591. 10.1037/cou0000103 26376176 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Errázuriz P. (2017). Early development of mechanisms of change as a predictor of subsequent change and treatment outcome: the case of working alliance. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 85, 508– 520. 10.1037/ccp0000192.supp 28345940 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. McCarthy K. S. Dinger U. Chambless D. L. Milrod B. L. Kunik L.. (2015a). Are there subtypes of panic disorder? An interpersonal perspective. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 83, 938– 950. 10.1037/a0039373 26030762 PMC4573276 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Roose S. P. Barber J. P. Rutherford B. R. (2015b). Therapeutic alliance in antidepressant treatment: cause or effect of symptomatic levels? Psychother. Psychosom. 84, 177– 182. 10.1159/000379756 25832111 PMC4417334 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Solomonov N. Chui H. McCarthy K. S. Barrett M. S. Barber J. P. (2015c). Therapist-reported alliance: is it really a predictor of outcome? J. Couns. Psychol. 62, 568– 589. 10.1037/cou0000106 26323043 PMC4605852 · DOI
- Zilcha-Mano S. Muran J. C. Hungr C. Eubanks C. F. Safran J. D. Winston A. (2016). The relationship between alliance and outcome: analysis of a two-person perspective on alliance and session outcome. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 84, 484– 496. 10.1037/ccp0000058 27054824 PMC4873423 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Forsyth, A., & Lumley, T. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Miloff, A., Carlbring, P., Hamilton, W., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., & Lindner, P. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16660 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Dafsari, F. S., Bewernick, B., Böhringer, S., Domschke, K., Elsaesser, M., Löbner, M., Luppa, M., Preis, L., Püsken, J., Schmitt, S., et al. (2023) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000529445 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomised controlled trials
Muthukumaraswamy, S., Forsyth, A., & Lumley, T. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q2hzm · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hutchinson, J. K., Jones, F., & Griffith, G. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01596-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Peterson, B. S., West, A. E., Weisz, J. R., Mack, W. J., Kipke, M. D., Findling, R. L., Mittman, B. S., Bansal, R., Piantadosi, S., Takata, G., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03314-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zilcha-Mano, S., Roose, S. P., Brown, P. J., & Rutherford, B. R.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-01-29
- Volume
- 12
- ISSN
- 1662-5153
- PMC
- PMC6361734
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 14
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH102293)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review