The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factors regulating microglia activation
Open accessAbstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that display high functional similarities to other tissue macrophages. However, it is especially important to create and maintain an intact tissue homeostasis to support the neuronal cells, which are very sensitive even to minor changes in their environment. The transition from the "resting" but surveying microglial phenotype to an activated stage is tightly regulated by several intrinsic (e.g., Runx-1, Irf8, and Pu.1) and extrinsic factors (e.g., CD200, CX3CR1, and TREM2). Under physiological conditions, minor changes of those factors are sufficient to cause fatal dysregulation of microglial cell homeostasis and result in severe CNS pathologies. In this review, we discuss recent achievements that gave new insights into mechanisms that ensure microglia quiescence.
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“highlighting the age-dependent change in microglial plasticity [53, 55].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Further analysis revealed that microglia surface receptors for microglia-neuron crosstalk (CX3CR1, P2RY12, and TREM2) and TLRs for communication with pathogen-associated molecular patterns tended to show a negative correlation between gene expression level and age, highlighting the age-dependent change in microglial plasticity [53, 55].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
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“suggesting their reactive state and reduced plasticity in the adult stage possibly due to repetitive exposure to infectious agents and active removal of cell debris [53, 55].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“With maturation and aging, expression of pro-inflammatory genes in adult microglia increase, suggesting their reactive state and reduced plasticity in the adult stage possibly due to repetitive exposure to infectious agents and active removal of cell debris [53, 55].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Microglia represent a heterogeneous cell population accounting for approximately 5–12% of total brain cells. They are distributed unevenly throughout the CNS, as grey matter and specific structures such as the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and substantia nigra typically all exhibit greater densities than the white matter (58–60).”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [59]
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Citations
Cites
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
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Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development
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Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
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A Lineage of Myeloid Cells Independent of Myb and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
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Self-citationHeterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
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A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif
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Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493
Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Erny, D., Hrabě de Angelis, A. L., Jaitin, D., Wieghofer, P., Staszewski, O., David, E., Keren-Shaul, H., Mahlakoiv, T., Jakobshagen, K., Buch, T., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4030 · Cited by 3,569
Self-citationMicroglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states
Orihuela, R., McPherson, C. A., & Harry, G. J. (2016) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13139 · Cited by 2,070
Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease
Prinz, M., & Priller, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3722 · Cited by 1,329
Self-citationMicroglial signatures and their role in health and disease
Butovsky, O., & Weiner, H. L. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0057-5 · Cited by 1,046
Metadata
- Authors
- Kierdorf, K., & Prinz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Prinz, Marco
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 44-44
- ISSN
- 1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3632747
- OpenAlex
- W2149538964
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 17.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (PR 577/8-2)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (PR 577/8-2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Keywords
- microglial activation, microglial homeostasis, central nervous system, IRF8, PU.1, CD200, CX3CR1, TREM2, neuroinflammation, CNS pathology
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